# Aqid ERP — full reference > Cloud accounting and ERP for Saudi Arabia: ZATCA Phase 2 e-invoicing, GOSI and Mudad WPS payroll, Arabic and English invoices. From SAR 79 a month. Start free. Last updated 2026-10-22. Operated by Transdiji Company Limited, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (CR 7043084735, VAT 312730000600003). Short version: https://aqiderp.com/llms.txt ## Modules (one ledger) - E-invoicing (ZATCA) (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/e-invoicing): Every invoice leaves Aqid ERP as the regulation asks: signed XML, a QR code, a counter and a hash chain per device, cleared or reported with ZATCA before it reaches your customer. - VAT returns (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/vat): Aqid ERP fills the ZATCA return from the ledger as you work. Open any box and see the invoices and bills behind it. - Payroll & WPS (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/payroll): Run the month, check it, pay it from your bank and file the WPS: GOSI, end of service and payslips come out of the same run. - Inventory (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/inventory): Each warehouse carries its own inventory account. Sell, receive, move or count, and the cost of sales and the stock value move with it. - Accounting & reports (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/accounting): Every posting is kept as it was made. Reports, reconciliations and consolidated statements read from the same ledger, in Arabic or English. - Corporate tax (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/corporate-tax): Profit and loss, balance sheet, cash flow and changes in equity, kept as you work, for you or your adviser to prepare the return from. - Sales (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/sales): Send a quote, turn it into a sales order, deliver and invoice it, and collect: every step is one click from the last, and each posts to the ledger as it happens. - Purchasing (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/purchasing): Raise a purchase order, receive the bill against it, approve what is over your limit and pay suppliers in one batch, with every step on the record. - Projects & cost centres (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/projects): Tag each line to a project, a cost centre or a branch as you work. The reports split by that tag, so profit by job is a filter, not a spreadsheet. - Manufacturing (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/manufacturing): Define what goes into a product, release a production order, complete it batch by batch, and the cost of what you made lands in stock with the variance explained. - Several companies (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/features/multi-company): Keep each company's books apart and read them together: consolidated statements in one currency, with ownership shares and intercompany balances shown. ## What it does not do yet - Aqid ERP implements Phase 2 end to end and is tested against ZATCA's published rules, but it is not yet listed in ZATCA's solution-provider directory. Onboarding a device needs your Fatoora portal OTP. - The UAE pension is not yet in the table, and no bank has yet accepted a Aqid ERP WPS file. Have a payroll adviser check the rates before your first run. - Bank feeds through Lean are built but not yet connected to a live bank; statements are imported as files. Aqid ERP is young: the ledger is tested by more than 2,000 automated checks, not yet by years of customers. ## Aqid ERP in Saudi Arabia Site: https://aqiderp.com/sa/en (Arabic: https://aqiderp.com/sa/ar). ZATCA Phase 2 · VAT 15 % · GOSI & Mudad WPS. Prices per month, before VAT, in SAR: Starter 79, Growth 111, Premium 219; two months free when paid yearly; 60-day free trial, no card (https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/pricing). ### What accounting software in Saudi Arabia has to do, and where Aqid ERP stands - ZATCA Phase 2 e-invoicing — In the product: Signed UBL XML, QR code, counter and hash chain per device; clearance and reporting, tested against ZATCA's own validator. Connect your company from the app with your Fatoora OTP. - VAT 15 % and the ZATCA return — In the product: The return laid out box by box from your invoices and bills, with the documents behind every figure. You file it on the portal; Aqid ERP does not file for you. - GOSI, Mudad WPS, end of service — In the product: Monthly payroll in SAR with GOSI by nationality and date, a Mudad WPS file for your bank and article 84 end-of-service accruals. - Books in Arabic and English — In the product: An append-only ledger, a Saudi chart of accounts, bank reconciliation, multi-currency and consolidation across companies. ### Questions and answers Q: Is Aqid ERP ready for ZATCA Phase 2? A: Yes on the technical side: it signs UBL 2.1 XML (XAdES), adds the QR code, chains each invoice's hash and counter per device, clears standard invoices and reports simplified ones, and is tested against ZATCA's own validator. It is not yet listed in ZATCA's solution-provider directory; this page will say so when it is. Q: How do I connect my company to ZATCA (Fatoora)? A: From Compliance in the app: register a device for each branch or point of sale and enter the one-time code (OTP) from the Fatoora portal. Aqid ERP runs ZATCA's compliance checks and keeps the production certificate for you. Q: When does my business have to join Phase 2? A: ZATCA brings businesses into Phase 2 in waves set by revenue, and notifies each one at least six months before its date. The notice is in your Fatoora account and your email; Aqid ERP works the same whichever wave you are in. Q: How much does Aqid ERP cost in Saudi Arabia? A: Starter is SAR 79, Growth SAR 111 and Premium SAR 219 a month, excluding VAT, with two months free when paid yearly. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card. Q: Does it handle GOSI and Mudad WPS? A: Yes: monthly payroll in SAR with GOSI contributions by nationality and date, a Mudad WPS salary file for your bank, and end-of-service accruals under article 84. Saudis first registered on or after 3 July 2024 pay the new system's rates once each is marked as such; payroll flags anyone hired since July 2024 who is not marked yet. Q: Does Aqid ERP file my VAT return? A: No. It lays out the ZATCA VAT return box by box from your invoices and bills, with the documents behind every figure; you file it on the ZATCA portal. Q: Can I move from Wafeq, Qoyod or Daftra? A: Yes. Wafeq exports are read by an importer of their own; lists from Qoyod and Daftra come in as CSV or Excel with a column mapping you make once. Contacts, accounts, items, opening balances and open invoices and bills move, and every import shows its plan before anything is written. Q: Is Aqid ERP in Arabic? A: Fully: the interface, invoices, PDFs, emails and reports, right to left, and you switch language without losing your place. Q: What is cloud accounting software? A: Accounting software that runs in the browser: the books live on a server, so the owner, the accountant and the team see the same figures from any device, and updates arrive without installing anything. Q: What should accounting software in Saudi Arabia include? A: Invoices that meet Saudi Arabia's rules, the tax return where there is VAT, payroll with the local contributions and end of service, stock, bank reconciliation, and reports in Arabic and English. The checklist on this page shows how far Aqid ERP goes with each. Q: Can I try it before paying? A: Yes. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card; you choose a plan when you are ready. Q: Can my accountant use it? A: Yes, with an accountant role of their own, or you can find a firm in the accountant directory. Q: Can I take my data with me? A: Yes, on every plan: lists to Excel and CSV, documents to PDF, and the public API reads the ledger. Q: Which accounting software is cheapest in Saudi Arabia? A: It depends on how you pay and what each plan includes. The table shows each product's cheapest paid plan before VAT, paying monthly and paying yearly; check what that plan covers (users, payroll, inventory) before you compare prices. Q: How were these facts checked? A: From each company's own pricing pages and help centre on 2026-10-10. The sources are listed under the table, and a value we could not confirm says so instead of guessing. Q: Which one should I choose? A: It depends on what you need. Aqid ERP includes payroll from its first plan and a 60-day trial, and has no public reviews yet; Zoho Books has the most reviews; Qoyod and Daftra have their own point-of-sale apps. Try two before you decide. Comparison with Wafeq, Qoyod, Daftra and Zoho Books (checked 2026-10-10): https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/compare ### Guides (each dated, with the authority's own pages as sources) #### VAT registration in Saudi Arabia: the thresholds, the 30-day deadline and the fine https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/vat-registration-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-23) A business in Saudi Arabia does not register for VAT once and forget it: the law asks it to check its sales at the end of every month, and to apply within 30 days of the month in which it crosses the line. Q: What is the VAT registration threshold in Saudi Arabia? A: Registration is mandatory above SAR 375,000 of taxable supplies over twelve months, past or expected. It is voluntary above SAR 187,500 of taxable supplies or taxable expenses. Q: How long do I have to register for VAT? A: 30 days from the end of the month in which your supplies over the last twelve months crossed SAR 375,000, or in which you came to expect they would over the next twelve. Q: What is the fine for registering late? A: ZATCA's table of fines sets SAR 10,000 for failing to register within the period. The VAT due from the date you should have registered is payable as well. Q: What does a Saudi VAT number look like? A: 15 digits, starting with 3 and ending with 3. Sources: ZATCA — Implementing Regulations of the VAT Law (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Documents/Implmenting%20Regulations%20of%20the%20VAT%20Law_EN.pdf); ZATCA — Taxation violation fines (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/VAT/Pages/Penalties.aspx); ZATCA — VAT registration e-service (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/eServices/Pages/eServices_002.aspx) #### Getting a VAT refund from ZATCA: the credit balance, the request and the bank account https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/vat-refund-request-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-23) In a period when a business buys more than it sells, an exporter selling at zero rate, or a new company still setting up, the VAT it paid on purchases can be more than the VAT it charged. The difference is a credit balance, and ZATCA refunds it on request. Q: How do I get a VAT refund in Saudi Arabia? A: Request it in the VAT return that shows the credit, or afterwards with the VAT refund request service in ZATCA's portal. ZATCA pays into the IBAN linked to your main registration. Q: Is there a deadline for a VAT refund request? A: Yes: five years from the end of the calendar year the credit balance relates to. Q: Does ZATCA charge for a VAT refund request? A: No. The refund request service has no fee. Q: What if I do not ask for a refund? A: The credit stays on your VAT account. It is not paid out until you request it. Sources: ZATCA — VAT refund request service (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/eServices/Pages/eServices_015.aspx); ZATCA — Guideline for Regional Headquarters (refund period) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/HelpCenter/guidelines/Documents/Guideline-for-Regional-Headquarters-in-KSA.pdf); ZATCA — Implementing Regulations of the VAT Law (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Documents/Implmenting%20Regulations%20of%20the%20VAT%20Law_EN.pdf) #### Cancelling VAT registration in Saudi Arabia: when you must, when you may, and what follows https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/vat-deregistration-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-23) A business that closes, or whose sales fall far enough, has to cancel its VAT registration, and the obligation has the same 30-day clock as registering. Cancelling ends the registration from a date ZATCA sets; it does not end what was owed before it. Q: When must I cancel my VAT registration in Saudi Arabia? A: Within 30 days of stopping your activity or your taxable supplies, or of your taxable supplies falling below SAR 187,500 under the regulations' tests. Q: Can I deregister if my sales are below SAR 375,000? A: Yes, if they are still above SAR 187,500 you may apply to deregister, but you are not obliged to. Below SAR 187,500 deregistration is mandatory. Q: Does deregistering cancel the VAT I owe? A: No. Anything owed before the date deregistration takes effect is still due, and ZATCA approves it only once outstanding returns and amounts are settled. Q: What happens to my e-invoicing devices? A: Their identifiers (CSIDs) are revoked automatically. The Fatoora portal stays open for 90 days to view the list of onboarded devices. Sources: ZATCA — Cancel your VAT registration (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/eServices/Pages/eServices_027.aspx); ZATCA — Implementing Regulations of the VAT Law (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Documents/Implmenting%20Regulations%20of%20the%20VAT%20Law_EN.pdf); ZATCA — Simplified guideline to deregister a taxpayer (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/HelpCenter/guidelines/Documents/Taxpayer%20Identification%20Number%20EN.pdf) #### The Fatoora portal: what it is, how to log in, and how to onboard your invoicing system https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/fatoora-portal-zatca-otp-onboarding (checked 2026-10-23) The Fatoora portal (fatoora.zatca.gov.sa) is ZATCA's site for e-invoicing Phase 2. A business does not issue invoices there: it uses the portal to connect the system that does, and to see and manage the devices it has connected. Q: Do I issue invoices on the Fatoora portal? A: No. Invoices are issued by your invoicing system. The portal connects that system to ZATCA and lets you manage its identifiers. Q: How long is a Fatoora OTP valid? A: One hour from when it is generated. If it expires before it is used, generate a new one. Q: Which login does the Fatoora portal use? A: The business's ZATCA e-services account, the same one used to file VAT returns. The developer portal has separate accounts. Q: What happens if I revoke a device by mistake? A: Revocation cannot be undone. The device has to be onboarded again, with a new OTP, as a new device. Sources: ZATCA — E-invoicing (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/E-Invoicing/Pages/default.aspx); ZATCA — Fatoora portal (https://fatoora.zatca.gov.sa/) #### The national address on a Saudi tax invoice: its six parts and what ZATCA asks for https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/national-address-on-tax-invoice-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-23) Every building in Saudi Arabia has a national address, issued by Saudi Post (SPL). A tax invoice carries the seller's address, and a standard (business to business) tax invoice carries the buyer's too, so the national address is the address a Saudi invoice is written with. Q: What is the additional number in the Saudi national address? A: A 4-digit number, set by Saudi Post, that gives the building's precise location. It is written with the district, and sent to ZATCA as its own field in a Phase 2 invoice. Q: Does a simplified tax invoice need the customer's address? A: No. A simplified (business to consumer) invoice carries the seller's details; the buyer's address is required on a standard (business to business) invoice. Q: Can I write the short address on my invoice instead? A: Write the address in full, part by part. The short address is a code for finding it, not a replacement on the invoice. Q: What is the format of a Saudi building number and postal code? A: The building number has 4 digits; the postal code has 5. Sources: Saudi Post (SPL) — National Address (https://splonline.com.sa/en/national-address-1/); ZATCA — E-invoicing (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/E-Invoicing/Pages/default.aspx) #### Paying VAT in Saudi Arabia: the SADAD bill, the deadline and the late-payment penalty https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/pay-vat-sadad-payment-order-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-23) Filing a VAT return and paying it are two steps. When a return shows tax to pay, ZATCA issues a SADAD bill for it; the business pays that bill from its bank, by the same deadline as the return. Q: How do I get the SADAD number for my VAT? A: ZATCA's portal issues the SADAD bill, with its number and amount, as soon as the return is submitted or amended. Q: When must Saudi VAT be paid? A: By the last day of the month after the tax period, the same deadline as the return, for monthly and quarterly filers. Q: What is the penalty for paying VAT late in Saudi Arabia? A: 5 % of the unpaid tax for each month, or part of a month, it remains unpaid, counted from the deadline. Q: If I file on time but pay late, is there a penalty? A: Yes. Filing on time avoids the late-filing penalty, but the late-payment penalty runs from the deadline until the tax is paid. Sources: ZATCA — Pay VAT dues (e-service) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/eServices/Pages/eServices_066.aspx); ZATCA — VAT (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/default.aspx) #### How to calculate zakat for companies in Saudi Arabia https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/zakat-calculation-saudi-companies (checked 2026-10-17) Zakat on a Saudi company is not 2.5 percent of profit. It is 2.5 percent of a base built from the balance sheet, under the Implementing Regulations for Zakat Collection that ZATCA applies to financial years starting on or after 1 January 2024. This is who pays, how the base is put together, and when the return is due, with one simplified example. Q: Is zakat 2.5 percent of net profit? A: No. It is 2.5 percent of the zakat base, which is built from the balance sheet. Adjusted net profit is only the floor: the base cannot be lower than it, but it is often higher. Q: What zakat rate applies to a Gregorian financial year? A: ZATCA applies 2.5 percent per Hijri year by days: 2.5% ÷ 354 × the days in your year. For a 365-day year that is about 2.5777 percent of the base. Q: When is the zakat return due? A: Within 120 days of the year end, under Article 102 of the 1445H regulations. For a 31 December year end, 30 April of the following year, moved to the next working day if it falls on a holiday. Q: Does a company with foreign shareholders pay zakat? A: On the Saudi and GCC share, yes. The non-Saudi share pays income tax at 20 percent instead, and the company files one return covering both. Q: Does a loss-making company pay zakat? A: It can. The base comes from the balance sheet, so equity and funding can leave a positive base after a loss. Only when the base is negative and there is no adjusted profit is no zakat due. Sources: ZATCA — Implementing Regulations for Zakat Collection (1445H) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/ZakatRegulations.aspx); ZATCA — اللائحة التنفيذية لجباية الزكاة 1445هـ (PDF) (https://zatca.gov.sa/ar/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Documents/ZakatRegulation_1445.pdf); ZATCA — General Zakat Guideline under the 1445H Regulations (https://zatca.gov.sa/ar/HelpCenter/guidelines/Documents/Zakat_General_1445H.pdf); ZATCA — How is the zakat amount calculated? (FAQ) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/HelpCenter/FAQs/Pages/FAQ_044.aspx); ZATCA — Types of zakat certificates (FAQ) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/HelpCenter/FAQs/Pages/FAQ_054.aspx); ZATCA — Submit Zakat Return for Establishments (e-service) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/eServices/Pages/eServices_051.aspx) #### Types of companies in Saudi Arabia under the 2022 Companies Law https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/company-types-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-17) Saudi Arabia's Companies Law, issued by Royal Decree M/132 in 2022 and in force since 19 January 2023, allows five company forms. Many guides still describe the law it replaced. This is the current list, what separates the forms, and what changed for foreign owners and the commercial register. Q: How many types of companies are there in Saudi Arabia? A: Five, under Article 4 of the 2022 Companies Law: the general partnership, the limited partnership, the joint stock company, the simplified joint stock company and the limited liability company. Q: Can one person own a company? A: Yes. A single person can form an LLC, a joint stock company or a simplified joint stock company. The two partnerships need at least two partners. Q: What is the minimum capital of a joint stock company? A: SAR 500,000 of issued capital, with at least a quarter paid up on incorporation (Article 59). The simplified joint stock company has no such minimum. Q: Is the partnership limited by shares still allowed? A: It is not one of the five forms. It was not abolished in 2022, though: it had already been dropped by the 1437H law. The form the 2022 law left out was the joint venture. Q: Does a foreign investor still need a MISA licence? A: No. The updated Investment Law replaced the licence with registration at the Ministry of Investment, after which the company is incorporated with the Ministry of Commerce. Sources: Bureau of Experts — Companies Law (Royal Decree M/132, 1443H) (https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/a8376aea-1bc3-49d4-9027-aed900b555af/1); Ministry of Commerce — the new Companies Law and its regulations in force (19 January 2023) (https://mc.gov.sa/en/mediacenter/News/Pages/19-01-23-01.aspx); Ministry of Commerce — key features of the new Companies Law (https://mc.gov.sa/en/mediacenter/News/Pages/29-06-22-01.aspx); Bureau of Experts — Commercial Register Law (Royal Decree M/83, 1446H) (https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/LawDetails/d0e0ea69-e88b-471a-9773-b20900a51be6/1); Ministry of Investment — the updated Investment Law (https://misa.gov.sa/activities/laws-regulations-copy/); Saudi Business Center — incorporation under an investment registration certificate (https://business.sa/eservices/details/2487249f-078c-44e3-1063-08dd6aa798b2) #### ZATCA e-invoicing fines and penalties explained (2026) https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/zatca-e-invoicing-fines-penalties (checked 2026-10-16) Most e-invoicing violations ZATCA finds are first met with a warning and time to fix them. Not issuing an e-invoice, or deleting or changing one, is fined from the first time. Every one of them can climb to SAR 50,000. Q: What is the fine for not issuing an e-invoice in Saudi Arabia? A: ZATCA's fines for not issuing an e-invoice, or not keeping it electronically, start at SAR 5,000 and rise with repeats, up to SAR 50,000. Q: Is the first e-invoicing violation only a warning? A: For some: a missing QR code, a missing buyer VAT number, or not reporting a system failure start with a warning and time to fix it. Not issuing an e-invoice, or deleting or changing one, is fined from the first time. Q: What is the maximum ZATCA e-invoicing fine? A: SAR 50,000 per violation, under Article 45 of the VAT Law. Q: Does the 2026 fines cancellation initiative cover e-invoicing fines? A: The current round, to 31 December 2026, excludes fines imposed under Article 45 of the VAT Law, which is where e-invoicing fines come from. The January to June 2026 round did cover them. Check a specific fine with ZATCA. Q: What should I do if my e-invoicing system stops working? A: Contact your provider, keep the evidence, notify ZATCA immediately if you can no longer issue e-invoices, record the sales made meanwhile, and issue their e-invoices once the system is back. Sources: ZATCA — E-invoicing violations and fines (announcement) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News_465.aspx); ZATCA — Taxation violation fines (VAT) (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/VAT/Pages/Penalties.aspx); ZATCA — Cancellation of fines initiative extended to 31 December 2026 (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/News/Pages/Cancellation-of-fines-Dec-2026.aspx); ZATCA — Exemption of fines initiative, simplified guide (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/HelpCenter/guidelines/Documents/Exemption_of_Fines_Initiative_Simplified_EN.pdf); ZATCA — Wave 25 of Phase 2 integration (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/News/Pages/Wave25-E-invoicing.aspx); ZATCA — E-invoicing FAQ: when the system fails (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/E-Invoicing/Introduction/FAQ/Pages/FAQ_043.aspx); ZATCA — Guideline for tax invoicing and records (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/HelpCenter/guidelines/Documents/Guideline-for-Tax-Invoicing-and-Records-under-VAT-Provisions.pdf) #### Salary scale in Saudi Arabia: how companies set pay by grade https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/salary-scale-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-14) A salary scale (سلم رواتب) is the table a company uses to put every job on a grade with a minimum and a maximum. Saudi Arabia's Labour Law does not prescribe one for private employers; it prescribes the things the scale must respect. This is what goes in it, what the law fixes around it, and one grade worked through. Q: Is a salary scale required by law in Saudi Arabia? A: No. The Labour Law requires a written contract, WPS payment and equal treatment; it does not require a published scale. Government bodies use the civil service scale; private companies write their own. Q: What is the minimum salary in Saudi Arabia? A: There is no statutory private-sector minimum wage. SAR 4,000 is the wage at which a Saudi employee counts fully in Nitaqat; below SAR 3,000 they do not count. Non-Saudi wages follow the contract and the Qiwa minimums for some professions. Q: Should housing be a percentage or a fixed amount? A: Either is lawful. A percentage of basic keeps the ratio constant across grades and is easiest to explain; a fixed amount is simpler to budget. Whichever you choose, GOSI counts the housing allowance in its base. Q: Does the scale change end-of-service pay? A: Indirectly. The end-of-service award is computed on the last wage, which under the Labour Law includes the basic and the allowances the contract treats as wage. A scale that puts more into allowances raises the award as much as one that puts it into basic. Sources: Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development — Labor Law (https://hrsd.gov.sa/en/knowledge-centre/legislation/regulations); Ministry of Human Resources — Nitaqat programme (https://www.hrsd.gov.sa/); General Organization for Social Insurance (GOSI) (https://www.gosi.gov.sa/) #### Commercial registration in Saudi Arabia: who can register, the steps and the cost https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/commercial-registration-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-14) A commercial registration (سجل تجاري) is what makes a business a legal trader in Saudi Arabia: the Ministry of Commerce's entry and its ten-digit number, asked for by banks, ZATCA, GOSI, Qiwa and customers. Since 3 April 2025 a new Commercial Register Law applies. This is who can register, how it is done, what it costs, and what changed. Q: Does a commercial registration still need renewing? A: No. Since 3 April 2025 there is no expiry date. The business confirms its data electronically every twelve months from the issue date. A register unconfirmed for three months is suspended, and after a year of suspension struck off. Q: How much does a commercial registration cost in Saudi Arabia? A: The Ministry of Commerce fee for an establishment's register is SAR 200 a year. The chamber of commerce subscription is on top, by category: Riyadh Chamber's table runs from SAR 200 to SAR 5,000 a year, and a new small business is normally in the lowest categories. Company fees are quoted by the Saudi Business Center at registration. Q: Can I open a branch in another city? A: Yes, under the same registration. Subsidiary registrations are no longer issued; one register covers every place the business trades from. Existing subsidiary registrations have until 2030 to be merged. Q: Is the CR number the same as the VAT number or the unified number? A: No. Three numbers, one business: the ten-digit commercial registration number, the unified national number issued with it, and the fifteen-digit VAT number ZATCA issues on VAT registration. A tax invoice carries the CR number and the VAT number. Sources: Ministry of Commerce — commercial register services (https://mc.gov.sa/); Saudi Business Center (https://business.sa/); Riyadh Chamber — membership subscription categories (https://riyadhchamber.sa/) #### How to calculate VAT in Saudi Arabia (15%), with examples https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/how-to-calculate-vat-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) Saudi Arabia's standard VAT rate has been 15% since 1 July 2020. The sums are short; what trips businesses up is knowing which figure is net, which is gross, and which supplies carry no VAT at all. Q: Is VAT in Saudi Arabia 15% or 5%? A: 15%. It rose from 5% to 15% on 1 July 2020 and has stayed there. Q: How do I find the VAT in a price that includes it? A: Multiply the total by 15 and divide by 115. On SAR 115 that is SAR 15 of VAT and SAR 100 net. Q: Do I charge VAT on exports? A: Exports of goods and services outside the GCC are generally zero-rated: 0% on the invoice, with the evidence of export kept. Sources: ZATCA — VAT (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/default.aspx) #### ZATCA e-invoicing Phase 1 and Phase 2: what each requires https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/zatca-e-invoicing-phase-2-requirements (checked 2026-10-09) Saudi e-invoicing (Fatoora) arrived in two phases. Every VAT-registered business has been in Phase 1 since December 2021; Phase 2 reaches businesses in waves, each called by ZATCA in writing at least six months ahead. Q: Is Phase 2 mandatory for every business? A: It is mandatory for each business from the date ZATCA gives it in its wave letter. Until then, Phase 1 applies. Q: What is the difference between clearance and reporting? A: Clearance (B2B) means ZATCA approves the invoice before the buyer receives it. Reporting (B2C) means the invoice goes to the customer at once and to ZATCA within 24 hours. Q: Can I keep issuing PDF invoices? A: Yes, as the copy the customer reads, alongside the XML. ZATCA also accepts a PDF/A-3 with the XML embedded in it as the invoice itself. Sources: ZATCA — E-invoicing (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/E-Invoicing/Pages/default.aspx) #### Tax invoice vs simplified tax invoice in Saudi Arabia: what each must show https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/tax-invoice-requirements-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) A Saudi VAT-registered business issues two kinds of invoice: a tax invoice when it sells to another business, and a simplified tax invoice when it sells to a consumer. Each has its own list of what it must carry. Q: Must the invoice be in Arabic? A: Yes. The required fields must appear in Arabic; another language, such as English, may be added beside them. Q: Does a simplified invoice need the buyer's name? A: No. It needs the seller's details, the description, the totals and the QR code. Q: Can I delete an invoice I issued by mistake? A: No. Cancel its effect with a credit note that refers to it and says why. Sources: ZATCA — E-invoicing (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/E-Invoicing/Pages/default.aspx) #### End-of-service award in Saudi Arabia: how it is calculated https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/end-of-service-calculation-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) When employment ends, a worker in Saudi Arabia's private sector is owed an end-of-service award under articles 84 and 85 of the Labor Law. How much depends on years of service, the last wage, and whether the contract ended by resignation. Q: Is end of service paid on basic salary only? A: The law uses the actual wage, which generally includes regular allowances. Check what your contract counts. Q: Does a worker who resigns after one year get anything? A: No. Under article 85 a resignation before two years of service carries no award. Q: Does end of service apply to Saudi nationals? A: Yes. It applies to every private-sector worker under the Labor Law, Saudi or not, alongside GOSI contributions. Sources: Ministry of Human Resources — Labor Law (https://hrsd.gov.sa/en/knowledge-centre/legislation/regulations) #### GOSI contribution rates in Saudi Arabia (2026): old system, new system and expats https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/gosi-contribution-rates-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) GOSI contributions depend on two things: whether the employee is Saudi, and, for a Saudi, whether they first registered with GOSI before or after 3 July 2024, when the new Social Insurance Law took effect. Q: What is the GOSI rate for Saudi employees in 2026? A: On the old system, 9.75 % for the employee and 11.75 % for the employer. On the new system, 10.75 % and 12.75 % from July 2026. Q: Do expatriates pay GOSI? A: The employee pays nothing. The employer pays 2 % for occupational hazards. Q: Is there a 2.5 % GOSI rate? A: No contribution rate is 2.5 %. The figure people quote usually comes from the old pension formula, where each year of service builds about 2.5 % of the average wage into the pension. Sources: General Organization for Social Insurance (GOSI) (https://www.gosi.gov.sa/) #### Saudi Wage Protection System (WPS) and Mudad: the salary file, deadlines and penalties https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/wage-protection-system-mudad-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) Every private-sector employer in Saudi Arabia must prove each month that it paid its employees what their contracts say. The Wage Protection System does this through a salary file uploaded via Mudad. Q: Who must upload a WPS file? A: Every private-sector establishment, for all its employees. Domestic workers are handled through Musaned instead. Q: What is the deadline for the WPS file? A: Within 30 days, since March 2025. Only the previous month's file can be uploaded. Q: Is Mudad the same as WPS? A: WPS is the ministry's rule; Mudad is the licensed platform through which the salary file is prepared and uploaded. Sources: Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (https://www.hrsd.gov.sa/); Mudad (https://mudad.com.sa/) #### How to issue a credit note or debit note under ZATCA e-invoicing https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/zatca-credit-note-debit-note-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) An issued e-invoice is never edited or deleted in Saudi Arabia. When a sale changes afterwards, the change is a new document: a credit note to lower the amount, or a debit note to raise it. Q: Can I cancel an e-invoice in Saudi Arabia? A: No. Issue a credit note that refers to it and states the reason. Q: Does a credit note need a reason? A: Yes. ZATCA requires the reason on every credit and debit note. Q: How long do I have to issue a credit note? A: Within 15 days after the end of the month in which the change happened. Sources: ZATCA — E-invoicing detailed guideline (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/E-Invoicing/Introduction/Guidelines/Documents/E-Invoicing_Detailed__Guideline.pdf) #### VAT on imports into Saudi Arabia: how it is charged, recovered and deferred https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/vat-on-imports-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) Goods imported into Saudi Arabia carry 15 % VAT, collected at import whatever the customs duty rate. For a VAT-registered importer it is a cash-flow cost, not a final one: it comes back as input VAT. Q: Is VAT charged on imports to Saudi Arabia? A: Yes, 15 % on the customs value plus duty and other import charges. Q: Can I recover import VAT? A: Yes, as input tax in your VAT return, if you are the importer of record and the goods are for taxable business use. Q: Do I charge VAT on services from abroad? A: You account for it yourself under the reverse charge, and recover it under the normal rules. Sources: Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) (https://zatca.gov.sa/) #### Saudi VAT return: monthly or quarterly, the deadline, and the penalties for being late https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/vat-return-filing-deadlines-penalties-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) The VAT return is due on the same date whether there is VAT to pay or a refund to claim, and a late return costs more than most businesses expect. Q: When is the Saudi VAT return due? A: By the last day of the month after the tax period ends. Q: Who must file monthly? A: Businesses with annual taxable supplies above SAR 40 million. Q: What is the penalty for paying VAT late? A: 5 % of the unpaid tax for each month or part of a month. Sources: Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) (https://zatca.gov.sa/) #### How to choose accounting software in Saudi Arabia: 7 checks https://aqiderp.com/sa/en/blog/how-to-choose-accounting-software-saudi-arabia (checked 2026-10-09) Most accounting software sold in the Gulf was built for somewhere else and adapted. These seven checks show quickly whether a product was made for Saudi Arabia's rules or only translated for them. Q: Do I need Phase 2-ready software now? A: You need Phase 1 now, and Phase 2 from the date ZATCA gives your business. Software that does both avoids a second migration. Q: Must the invoice be in Arabic? A: Yes. The required fields must appear in Arabic; English may stand beside them. Q: Is Excel enough for a small business? A: No for invoicing: Phase 1 does not accept invoices made in a spreadsheet or word processor. Sources: ZATCA — E-invoicing (https://zatca.gov.sa/en/E-Invoicing/Pages/default.aspx) ## Aqid ERP in the UAE Site: https://aqiderp.com/ae/en (Arabic: https://aqiderp.com/ae/ar). UAE e-invoicing (2027) · VAT 5 % · Corporate tax · WPS. Prices per month, before VAT, in AED: Starter 77, Growth 109, Premium 214; two months free when paid yearly; 60-day free trial, no card (https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/pricing). ### What accounting software in the UAE has to do, and where Aqid ERP stands - UAE e-invoicing — PINT AE — In the product, with a gap: Invoices are generated as signed PINT AE UBL XML and kept with the invoice. The UAE model transmits through an accredited service provider on the Peppol network; Aqid ERP's connection to one is in progress and not yet live. Businesses under AED 50M appoint a provider by 31 March 2027 and transmit from 1 July 2027; at AED 50M and above, from 1 January 2027. - VAT 5 % and the VAT 201 — In the product, with a gap: The FTA's VAT 201 filled from the ledger, standard-rated sales by emirate in boxes 1a to 1g, with the documents behind each figure. Not yet checked against EmaraTax with a live filing; you enter the figures on the portal. - WPS SIF file and end of service — In the product, with a gap: Monthly payroll in AED with a WPS salary file for your bank and end-of-service gratuity. Since 1 June 2026 (Resolution 340 of 2026) wages are due on the 1st of the following month with no grace period, and 85 percent of wages must go through WPS. Before a run closes, Aqid ERP warns when its payday is after the 1st and when an employee has no IBAN and would be paid outside WPS. The GPSSA pension for UAE and GCC nationals is not yet in the table, and no bank has yet accepted an Aqid ERP WPS file. - Books in Arabic and English — In the product: An append-only ledger, a UAE chart of accounts, bank reconciliation, multi-currency and consolidation — the records a corporate tax return is prepared from, kept as they were made. - Corporate tax estimate — In the product, with a gap: An estimate from the period's profit: exempt income out, non-deductible expenses back in, the 0 % band to AED 375,000 and 9 % above, and the Small Business Relief election for revenue up to AED 3M, for tax periods ending by 31 December 2029. An estimate for your adviser, not a filing. ### Questions and answers Q: When does e-invoicing become mandatory for my UAE company? A: Revenue of AED 50M or more: appoint an accredited service provider by 30 October 2026 and transmit from 1 January 2027. Below AED 50M: appoint one by 31 March 2027 and transmit from 1 July 2027. Government entities join from 1 October 2027. Dates have moved before; confirm yours with the Ministry of Finance and the FTA. Q: Do I need an accredited service provider? A: Yes. Aqid ERP prepares and signs the PINT AE XML; an accredited service provider transmits it. Aqid ERP is not itself a provider. Q: What does it cost per invoice? A: The connection to a provider is in progress. When it is live, this page will publish the price per document, the provider's fee included. Q: Does Aqid ERP file my VAT 201? A: Not yet. It gives you every box with the documents behind it; you enter the figures on EmaraTax. Q: Does Aqid ERP compute corporate tax? A: It produces an estimate with the 0 % and 9 % bands and the Small Business Relief test, as a starting point for your adviser. It does not file the return. Q: What changed in WPS in June 2026? A: Under Resolution 340 of 2026, wages are due on the 1st of the following month, the 15-day grace period is gone, and 85 percent of wages must go through WPS. Aqid ERP produces the WPS salary file; before a run closes it warns when the payday is after the 1st, or when an employee has no IBAN and would be paid outside WPS. Q: Does the mandate apply to free-zone companies? A: Yes. Free-zone companies are in scope on the same terms as mainland ones, per current guidance; confirm your case with the FTA. Q: Can I export everything? A: Yes, on every plan, including after cancellation. Q: What is cloud accounting software? A: Accounting software that runs in the browser: the books live on a server, so the owner, the accountant and the team see the same figures from any device, and updates arrive without installing anything. Q: What should accounting software in the UAE include? A: Invoices that meet the UAE's rules, the tax return where there is VAT, payroll with the local contributions and end of service, stock, bank reconciliation, and reports in Arabic and English. The checklist on this page shows how far Aqid ERP goes with each. Q: How much does Aqid ERP cost in the UAE? A: From AED 77 a month on Starter, excluding VAT where it applies, with two months free when paid yearly. Q: Can I try it before paying? A: Yes. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card; you choose a plan when you are ready. Q: Can my accountant use it? A: Yes, with an accountant role of their own, or you can find a firm in the accountant directory. Q: Can I take my data with me? A: Yes, on every plan: lists to Excel and CSV, documents to PDF, and the public API reads the ledger. Q: Which accounting software is cheapest in the UAE? A: It depends on how you pay and what each plan includes. The table shows each product's cheapest paid plan before VAT, paying monthly and paying yearly; check what that plan covers (users, payroll, inventory) before you compare prices. Q: How were these facts checked? A: From each company's own pricing pages and help centre on 2026-10-10. The sources are listed under the table, and a value we could not confirm says so instead of guessing. Q: Which one should I choose? A: It depends on what you need. Aqid ERP includes payroll from its first plan and a 60-day trial, and has no public reviews yet; Zoho Books has the most reviews; Qoyod and Daftra have their own point-of-sale apps. Try two before you decide. Comparison with Wafeq, Qoyod, Daftra and Zoho Books (checked 2026-10-10): https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/compare ### Guides (each dated, with the authority's own pages as sources) #### Overtime pay in the UAE: 25%, 50% at night, rest days and the 144-hour limit https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-overtime-pay-labour-law (checked 2026-10-24) The UAE Labour Law sets a normal working week of 48 hours, eight a day, and says what an employer pays for every hour beyond it. Overtime is worked out on the basic wage, not the total package. Q: How is overtime calculated in the UAE? A: On the basic wage: the hourly basic wage plus at least 25%, or plus at least 50% for hours between 10 pm and 4 am, except for shift workers. Q: How many overtime hours are allowed in the UAE? A: No more than two a day, and no more than 144 working hours in three weeks in all, except to prevent or deal with a serious accident. Q: What if an employee works on the rest day? A: They get a substitute rest day, or the basic wage for the hours plus at least 50%. Q: Is overtime paid on the total salary? A: No. The Labour Law works it on the basic wage. Sources: UAE Legislation — Federal Decree-Law No. 33 of 2021 on the Regulation of Labour Relations (https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1541/download); UAE Legislation — Cabinet Resolution No. 1 of 2022, the Executive Regulation (https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1547); u.ae — Working hours and overtime (https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/Sector-of-employment/employment-in-the-private-sector/working-hours); MOHRE — Two hours less a day during Ramadan (2026) (https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/media-center/news/12/2/2026/reduction-of-working-hours-for-private-sector-employees-by-two-hours-daily-during-the-holy-month-of) #### The UAE Wage Protection System (WPS) in 2026: wages due on the 1st, through the WPS https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-wage-protection-system-wps-2026 (checked 2026-10-24) The Wage Protection System (WPS) is how MOHRE sees that private-sector wages are paid. In 2026 a new resolution replaced the old 15-day grace: the previous month's wages now fall due on the first day of the month. Q: When must UAE salaries be paid under the WPS? A: Since Ministerial Resolution No. 340 of 2026, the previous month's wages are due on the first day of each Gregorian month. Q: Is there still a 15-day grace period? A: No. The 15 days belonged to the earlier resolutions; MOHRE's measures now start from the second day after the due date. Q: Who must use the WPS in the UAE? A: Every establishment registered with MOHRE, paying through an agent approved for WPS transfers. Sources: u.ae — Payment of salaries and wages (Ministerial Resolution No. 340 of 2026) (https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/Sector-of-employment/employment-in-the-private-sector/payment-of-wages); MOHRE — Wages Protection System (https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/guidance-and-awareness-portal-new/wages-protection-system); MOHRE — New update for the Wage Protection System (December 2025) (https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/media-center/news/10/12/2025/mohre-launches-new-update-for-the-wage-protection-system); UAE Legislation — Federal Decree-Law No. 33 of 2021 on the Regulation of Labour Relations (https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1541/download) #### VAT deregistration in the UAE: when you must, when you may, and the final return https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-vat-deregistration-emaratax (checked 2026-10-24) A TRN is cancelled the way it was obtained: by an application to the FTA on EmaraTax. Some businesses must apply, others may, and until the FTA approves, the business is still registered and still files. Q: When must I deregister for VAT in the UAE? A: When you stop making taxable supplies, or your taxable supplies fall below AED 187,500 over 12 months. The FTA asks for the application within 30 business days. Q: Can I deregister voluntarily? A: Yes, between AED 187,500 and AED 375,000 of taxable supplies, but not within 12 months of a voluntary registration. Q: What is the penalty for deregistering late? A: AED 1,000 for each month of delay, up to AED 10,000. Q: Do I still file a return after deregistering? A: Yes. A final return for the last tax period, with the VAT due on what you still hold at the deregistration date. Sources: FTA — VAT deregistration (https://tax.gov.ae/en/services/vat.deregistration.aspx); FTA — Deregistration (VAT, excise, VAT group, designated zones) (https://tax.gov.ae/en/services/deregistration.vat.excise.vat.group.designated.zones.aspx); FTA — VAT user guide (https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/VAT%20User%20Guide_English_V9.0%2016%2011%202021.pdf); MoF — Cabinet Decision No. 40 of 2017 and its amendments (penalties) (https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Cabinet-Decision-No.-40-of-2017-and-its-amendments-v14.11.25.pdf) #### Tax invoice requirements in the UAE: full, simplified, and the tax credit note https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/tax-invoice-requirements-uae (checked 2026-10-23) A VAT-registered business in the UAE issues a tax invoice for every taxable supply, and the VAT Executive Regulation lists what it must show. Two forms exist, full and simplified, and a correction is made with a tax credit note, never by editing the invoice. Q: What must a UAE tax invoice include? A: The words "Tax Invoice", the supplier's name, address and TRN, the buyer's where registered, a sequential number, the date, each item's description, price, quantity, rate and amount in AED, and the total VAT in AED. Q: When can I issue a simplified tax invoice in the UAE? A: When the buyer is not VAT-registered, or is registered and the supply is AED 10,000 or less, VAT included. Q: How long do I have to issue a tax invoice? A: 14 days from the date of supply. Q: What does a UAE tax credit note need to say? A: Since 1 October 2026, the words "Tax Credit Note" on the note itself, with the parties' details, the date, the adjustment and its VAT in AED, the reason, and the original invoice it relates to. Sources: FTA — Tax invoices (VAT guide) (https://tax.gov.ae/Datafolder/Files/Pdf/2023/Knowledge%20Center%20Page/VAT11%20-%20Tax%20invoices%20En.pdf); Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 (VAT Executive Regulation) and its amendments, FTA (https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/2022/Executive%20Regulation%20of%20Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No%208%20of%202017%20-%20Publish-new-2.pdf); Cabinet Decision No. 149 of 2026 amending the VAT Executive Regulation (MoF) (https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Cabinet-Decision-No.-149-of-2026-Amending-Certain-Provisions-of-The-Executive-Regulation-of-VAT-EN.pdf) #### The Qualifying Free Zone Person: 0% UAE corporate tax, its conditions and the de minimis test https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/qualifying-free-zone-person-uae-corporate-tax (checked 2026-10-23) A company in a UAE free zone is not outside corporate tax: it registers and files like any other. What it can be is a Qualifying Free Zone Person, taxed at 0% on its qualifying income, as long as it meets every condition in every tax period. Q: Do UAE free zone companies pay corporate tax? A: They register and file. A Qualifying Free Zone Person pays 0% on qualifying income and 9% on its other taxable income; a free zone company that does not qualify pays the standard rates. Q: What is the de minimis rule for free zone companies? A: Non-qualifying revenue must not exceed 5% of total revenue or AED 5 million, whichever is lower, in the tax period. Q: Does a Qualifying Free Zone Person get the AED 375,000 0% band? A: No. Its taxable income that is not qualifying income is taxed at 9% from the first dirham. Q: What happens if a free zone company fails a condition? A: It loses the status for that tax period and the following four, and is taxed at the standard rates for them. Sources: FTA — Free Zone Persons corporate tax guide (https://tax.gov.ae/Datafolder/Files/Guides/CT/Free%20Zone%20Persons%20-%2020%2005%202024%20final%20for%20GCD.pdf); FTA — Basic tax information: Free Zone Person (https://tax.gov.ae/Datafolder/Files/Pdf/2024/CT%20Bulletin/Basic%20Tax%20Information%20bulletin-%20Free%20Zone%20Person-English.pdf); Ministerial Decision No. 229 of 2025 on Qualifying and Excluded Activities (MoF) (https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EN-Ministerial-Decision-No.-229-of-2025-Regarding-Qualifying-Activities-and-Excluded-Activities.pdf) #### UAE corporate tax penalties: late registration, late filing, late payment, and the nine-month deadline https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-corporate-tax-penalties-return-filing (checked 2026-10-23) Corporate tax in the UAE has one deadline that matters most: the return and the tax are both due within nine months of the end of the tax period. The penalties for missing it, and for registering late, are fixed amounts that add up month by month. Q: When is the UAE corporate tax return due? A: Within nine months of the end of the tax period, return and payment together: by 30 September for a year ending 31 December. Q: What is the penalty for late corporate tax registration in the UAE? A: AED 10,000, under Cabinet Decision No. 10 of 2024, from 1 March 2024. Q: What is the penalty for filing the corporate tax return late? A: AED 500 for each month or part of a month in the first twelve months, then AED 1,000 a month. Q: Where do I file the UAE corporate tax return? A: On EmaraTax, the FTA's portal, yourself or through a tax agent registered with the FTA. Sources: Cabinet Decision No. 75 of 2023 and its amendments, on corporate tax penalties (FTA) (https://tax.gov.ae/datafolder/Files/Legislation/Cabinet%20Decision%20No.%2075%20of%202023%20and%20amendments%20-%20For%20Publishing.pdf); Ministry of Finance — AED 10,000 penalty for late corporate tax registration (https://mof.gov.ae/en/news/aed10000-penalty-for-late-corporate-tax-registration/); FTA — Corporate tax returns within nine months of the tax period (https://tax.gov.ae/en/media.centre/news/federal.tax.authority.urges.submission.of.corporate.tax.returns.and.settlement.of.corporate.tax.liabilities.within.nine.months.from.the.end.of.the.tax.period.aspx); FTA — Late registration penalty waiver (https://tax.gov.ae/en/media.centre/news/more.than.33.9.thousand.beneficiaries.from.corporate.tax.late.registration.penalty.waiver.initiative.aspx) #### VAT in the UAE in 2026: rate, registration, filing, the January changes and the new penalties https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-vat-2026-rate-registration-penalties (checked 2026-10-16) The rate has not moved: 5%. What changed in 2026 is around it. The VAT law was amended from 1 January, the penalty table from 14 April, and e-invoicing starts for the largest businesses on 1 January 2027. Q: What is the VAT rate in the UAE in 2026? A: 5%, unchanged. Some supplies are zero-rated (0%) and some are exempt. Q: What is the VAT registration threshold in the UAE? A: Registration is mandatory above AED 375,000 of taxable supplies and imports over 12 months, or expected in the next 30 days, and voluntary above AED 187,500. Q: When is the UAE VAT return due? A: By the 28th day after the end of the tax period, usually a quarter. The VAT due is paid by the same date. Q: What is the penalty for paying UAE VAT late in 2026? A: Since 14 April 2026, a monthly penalty worked out at 14% a year on the unpaid tax, for each month or part of a month. Q: Do I still issue a self-invoice under the reverse charge? A: No. Since 1 January 2026 the self-invoice is no longer required; keep the supplier's documents for the supply instead. Sources: Ministry of Finance — Value Added Tax (https://mof.gov.ae/en/public-finance/tax/value-added-tax-vat/); Federal Decree-Law No. 8 of 2017 on VAT, consolidated (FTA) (https://tax.gov.ae/Datafolder/Files/Legislation/2025/Federal-Decree-Law-No-8-of-2017-and-amendments.pdf); FTA — Mandatory VAT registration (https://www.tax.gov.ae/en/content/mandatory.registration.aspx); Ministry of Finance — VAT law amendments from January 2026 (https://mof.gov.ae/en/news/ministry-of-finance-to-implement-vat-law-amendments-starting-january-2026/); Ministry of Finance — Tax Procedures Law amendments from 2026 (https://mof.gov.ae/en/news/ministry-of-finance-to-implement-amendments-to-the-tax-procedures-law-starting-early-2026/); FTA — Amended administrative penalties in force (April 2026) (https://tax.gov.ae/en/media.centre/news/federal.tax.authority.announces.entry.into.force.of.the.decision.amending.administrative.penalties.imposed.for.violations.of.tax.legislation.and.calls.on.registrants.to.benefit.from.the.advantages.of.the.new.decision.aspx); Cabinet Decision No. 40 of 2017 and its amendments (MoF) (https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Cabinet-Decision-No.-40-of-2017-and-its-amendments-v14.11.25.pdf); Ministry of Finance — E-invoicing deadline amendment (2026) (https://mof.gov.ae/en/news/ministry-of-finance-announces-targeted-amendments-to-einvoicing-system-decisions/) #### UAE corporate tax for small businesses: 9%, the AED 375,000 band and Small Business Relief https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-corporate-tax-guide-small-business (checked 2026-10-12) The UAE has taxed business profits since financial years starting on or after 1 June 2023. For most small businesses the questions are the same: how much, who registers, when the return is due, and whether Small Business Relief applies. Q: Do I pay corporate tax if my profit is under AED 375,000? A: No tax is due on that band (0%), but you must still register and file a return. Q: Is the AED 375,000 a revenue or profit limit? A: Profit: it is a band of taxable income. Small Business Relief uses revenue instead, AED 3 million. Q: When is my first return due? A: Nine months after the end of your first tax period. For a calendar year, that is 30 September of the next year. Sources: Federal Tax Authority — Corporate Tax (https://tax.gov.ae/en/taxes/corporate.tax.aspx); Ministry of Finance — Corporate Tax (https://mof.gov.ae/corporate-tax/) #### UAE VAT return (VAT 201): what goes in each box and when it is due https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-vat-return-vat-201-guide (checked 2026-10-09) UAE VAT has been 5% since 1 January 2018. Every registered business files a VAT 201 return with the Federal Tax Authority, usually each quarter, and pays the net VAT by the same deadline. Q: What is the VAT rate in the UAE? A: 5% on most goods and services, with some supplies zero-rated or exempt. Q: When is the VAT return due? A: By the 28th day after the tax period ends, together with the payment. Q: Why does the return split sales by emirate? A: The FTA asks for standard-rated supplies by the emirate where they took place; your invoices need to record it. Sources: Federal Tax Authority — VAT (https://tax.gov.ae/en/taxes/Vat.aspx) #### End-of-service gratuity in the UAE: how it is calculated under the 2021 Labour Law https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-end-of-service-gratuity-calculation (checked 2026-10-24) A full-time employee in the UAE private sector who completes at least one year of continuous service is owed an end-of-service gratuity under article 51 of the 2021 Labour Law. It is worked out on the last basic wage. Q: Is gratuity paid on the total salary in the UAE? A: No. It is calculated on the last basic wage, without allowances. Q: Does an employee who resigns lose part of the gratuity? A: Not under the 2021 Labour Law: after a year of service it is due in full either way. Q: What is the maximum gratuity? A: Two years' wage. Sources: UAE Legislation — Federal Decree-Law No. 33 of 2021 on the Regulation of Labour Relations (https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/1541/download); MOHRE — Guidance and awareness for workers (https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/guidance-and-awareness-portal-new/employee-companies/dear-worker-know-your-rights) #### UAE e-invoicing: who must comply, when, and what happens to B2C sales https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/uae-e-invoicing-scope-dates-b2c (checked 2026-10-09) The UAE's e-invoicing system, set by Ministerial Decisions 243 and 244 of 2025, covers invoices between businesses and to government. Sales to consumers are outside every phase announced so far. Q: Does UAE e-invoicing apply to B2C sales? A: Not in the phases announced so far. Consumer sales keep the existing tax invoice and simplified tax invoice rules. Q: When must my business start e-invoicing in the UAE? A: 1 January 2027 if revenue is AED 50 million or more; 1 July 2027 if it is less. A provider must be appointed months earlier, by 30 October 2026 or 31 March 2027. Q: Do I need an accredited service provider? A: Yes. In-scope invoices reach your customer and the FTA only through a provider accredited by the Ministry of Finance. Sources: UAE Ministry of Finance (https://mof.gov.ae/); Federal Tax Authority (https://tax.gov.ae/) #### VAT on imports into the UAE: Box 6, Box 10 and the reverse charge https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/vat-on-imports-uae (checked 2026-10-09) Goods imported into the UAE carry 5 % VAT. A VAT-registered importer normally pays nothing at the border: it declares the VAT in its return and, where the normal rules allow, recovers it in the same return. Q: Do I pay VAT at customs in the UAE? A: Not if you are VAT-registered and your TRN is on the customs declaration: you declare it in your return. Unregistered importers pay before release. Q: Which VAT return box is import VAT in? A: Box 6 for the VAT due; Box 10 for recovering it as input tax. Q: Do I charge myself VAT on services from abroad? A: Yes, under the reverse charge in Box 3, and you recover it in Box 10 under the normal rules. Sources: Federal Tax Authority (https://tax.gov.ae/) #### How to choose accounting software in the UAE: 7 checks https://aqiderp.com/ae/en/blog/how-to-choose-accounting-software-uae (checked 2026-10-09) Most accounting software sold in the Gulf was built for somewhere else and adapted. These seven checks show quickly whether a product was made for the UAE's rules or only translated for them. Q: Do I need e-invoicing software now? A: If your revenue is AED 50 million or more, appoint a provider by 30 October 2026; below that, by 31 March 2027. Choose software that will connect to one. Q: Does small business relief mean no corporate tax work? A: No. Even with the relief you register, file and keep records; the software should still produce your statements. Q: Why does my software need the emirate? A: The VAT 201 return splits standard-rated sales by emirate. Sources: Federal Tax Authority (https://tax.gov.ae/en/); Ministry of Finance — E-invoicing (https://mof.gov.ae/einvoicing/) ## Aqid ERP in Qatar Site: https://aqiderp.com/qa/en (Arabic: https://aqiderp.com/qa/ar). No VAT · withholding tax · end of service (Art. 54). Prices per month, before VAT, in QAR: Starter 77, Growth 108, Premium 213; two months free when paid yearly; 60-day free trial, no card (https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/pricing). ### What accounting software in Qatar has to do, and where Aqid ERP stands - No e-invoicing mandate — Not applicable: Qatar has no VAT and no e-invoicing mandate. Invoices are issued in Arabic and English and kept as PDF/A-3; nothing is transmitted to an authority. - No VAT — withholding tax instead — Not applicable: There is no VAT return to prepare. Withholding tax on payments to non-resident suppliers is recorded by category and summarised for the monthly form. - End of service under article 54 — In the product, with a gap: Monthly payroll in QAR with end-of-service accruals under the labour law and payslips in Arabic and English. A WPS salary file for Qatar's banks is not yet produced. - Books in Arabic and English — In the product: An append-only ledger, a Qatari chart of accounts, bank reconciliation, multi-currency and consolidation across companies. ### Questions and answers Q: Does Qatar have VAT or e-invoicing? A: No. Qatar has no VAT and no e-invoicing mandate in force, so Aqid ERP issues bilingual invoices kept as PDF/A-3 and transmits nothing to an authority. If the General Tax Authority introduces a mandate, its format is added to the same documents. Q: How much does Aqid ERP cost in Qatar? A: Starter is QAR 77, Growth QAR 108 and Premium QAR 213 a month with two months free when paid yearly. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card. Q: Does it handle withholding tax on foreign suppliers? A: Yes. Withholding tax on payments to non-resident suppliers is recorded on the bill by category and summarised for the monthly form. You file on Dhareeba; Aqid ERP does not connect to it. Q: Does it calculate the end-of-service gratuity? A: Yes. Payroll in QAR accrues end of service every month under article 54 of the Labour Law, so the liability grows on the balance sheet as it is earned. Q: Can I pay salaries through WPS from Aqid ERP? A: Not yet for Qatar. Net pay is posted and exported, but a WPS salary file for Qatar's banks is not yet produced; it is on the roadmap. Q: Is Aqid ERP in Arabic? A: Fully: the interface, invoices, PDFs, emails and reports, right to left, and you switch language without losing your place. Q: Can I move from another system? A: Yes. Contacts, accounts, items, opening balances and open invoices and bills import from Zoho Books, QuickBooks, Xero or any CSV or Excel file, and every import shows its plan before anything is written. Q: Can a Qatari company be consolidated with the group's other Gulf companies? A: Yes. Consolidated statements across companies and currencies, with currency translation, are on the Growth and Premium plans. Q: What is cloud accounting software? A: Accounting software that runs in the browser: the books live on a server, so the owner, the accountant and the team see the same figures from any device, and updates arrive without installing anything. Q: What should accounting software in Qatar include? A: Invoices that meet Qatar's rules, the tax return where there is VAT, payroll with the local contributions and end of service, stock, bank reconciliation, and reports in Arabic and English. The checklist on this page shows how far Aqid ERP goes with each. Q: Can I try it before paying? A: Yes. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card; you choose a plan when you are ready. Q: Can my accountant use it? A: Yes, with an accountant role of their own, or you can find a firm in the accountant directory. Q: Can I take my data with me? A: Yes, on every plan: lists to Excel and CSV, documents to PDF, and the public API reads the ledger. Q: Which accounting software is cheapest in Qatar? A: It depends on how you pay and what each plan includes. The table shows each product's cheapest paid plan before VAT, paying monthly and paying yearly; check what that plan covers (users, payroll, inventory) before you compare prices. Q: How were these facts checked? A: From each company's own pricing pages and help centre on 2026-10-10. The sources are listed under the table, and a value we could not confirm says so instead of guessing. Q: Which one should I choose? A: It depends on what you need. Aqid ERP includes payroll from its first plan and a 60-day trial, and has no public reviews yet; Zoho Books has the most reviews; Qoyod and Daftra have their own point-of-sale apps. Try two before you decide. Comparison with Wafeq, Qoyod, Daftra and Zoho Books (checked 2026-10-10): https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/compare ### Guides (each dated, with the authority's own pages as sources) #### Excise tax in Qatar: the goods, the rates, and the sugar tiers from July 2026 https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/blog/qatar-excise-tax-sweetened-drinks (checked 2026-10-23) Qatar has charged excise since 1 January 2019, under Law No. 25 of 2018, on goods the GCC states agreed to tax. Law No. 2 of 2026 changed how drinks are taxed: from 6 July 2026 a sweetened drink pays by its sugar content, not 50% of its price. Q: What is the excise rate in Qatar? A: 100% on tobacco and its derivatives, energy drinks and special-purpose goods. Since 6 July 2026 sweetened drinks pay by sugar content: exempt below 5 g per 100 ml, QAR 0.77 a litre from 5 g, QAR 1.06 a litre from 8 g. Q: Is the 50% excise on soft drinks still in force in Qatar? A: No. Law No. 2 of 2026 replaced it on 6 July 2026 with the sugar-based charge per litre. Q: How often is the Qatar excise return filed? A: Quarterly: filed, and the tax paid, within 15 days of the end of each quarter. Q: Who must register for excise in Qatar? A: Importers and producers of excise goods and keepers of a tax warehouse. A trader selling goods already released for consumption does not. Sources: Dhareeba — Law No. 25 of 2018 on Excise Tax (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Law%20No.%20(25)%20of%202018%20Concerning%20Excise%20Tax.pdf); Dhareeba — Qatar introduces a new excise tax mechanism on sweetened drinks (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/en/news-detail/state-of-qatar-introduces-new-excise-tax-mechanism-on-sweetened-drinks); General Tax Authority — Sweetened beverages tax guide (https://gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/GTA%20Swtnd%20Beverages%20Tax%20Guide%20En%2020260409.pdf); Dhareeba — Excise goods list (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/assets/pdf/excise%20goods%20list-En.pdf); Dhareeba — Excise tax refund (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/en/service/e-tax-refund) #### Corporate income tax in Qatar for small businesses: who pays, the rate and the return https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/blog/qatar-corporate-income-tax-small-business (checked 2026-10-23) Qatar has no VAT, but it does tax company profits. For a small business the question is less the rate than the ownership: the tax falls on the part of the profit that belongs to foreign owners, and every company, taxed or not, files a return with the General Tax Authority (GTA). Q: What is the corporate income tax rate in Qatar? A: 10% of taxable income for ordinary companies, charged on the share of profit that belongs to foreign owners. Q: Does a 100% Qatari-owned company pay income tax? A: No income tax is currently charged on a company wholly owned by Qatari nationals and GCC nationals resident in Qatar, but it must still file a return on Dhareeba. Q: When is the Qatar income tax return due? A: Within four months of the end of the tax year, so 30 April for a calendar year, unless the GTA grants or announces an extension. Sources: General Tax Authority — Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018 (https://gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Law%20No.%20(24)%20of%202018%20Promulgating%20the%20Income%20Tax%20Law%20(3).pdf); General Tax Authority — Executive Regulation of the Income Tax Law (Cabinet Decision No. 39 of 2019) (https://gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Cabinet%20Decision%20No.%2039%20of%202019%20-%20Executive%20Regulations%20of%20the%20Income%20Tax%20Law%20(2).pdf); General Tax Authority — Taxes in Qatar (https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info); General Tax Authority — Investors guide (https://gta.gov.qa/en/investors-guide); General Tax Authority — Circular of the GTA President No. 2 of 2021 (https://www.gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Circular%20of%20the%20GTA%20President%20No.%20(2)%20of%202021.pdf); General Tax Authority — Tax return filing period for the 2025 financial year (https://gta.gov.qa/en/media-center/notifications/general-tax-authority-announces-tax-return-filing-period-for-the-financial); General Tax Authority — Extension of the 2025 tax return deadline (https://gta.gov.qa/en/media-center/news/general-tax-authority-announces-extension-of-tax-return-submission-deadline); General Tax Authority — Global minimum tax (https://gta.gov.qa/en/global-minimum); Dhareeba — Financial penalties (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/en/financial-penalties); Dhareeba — Simplified income tax return (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/en/service/submission-and-amendment-of-income-tax-return-single-tax-rate-simplifie); Dhareeba — Income tax FAQ (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/en/faq/income-tax) #### Qatar's Wage Protection System: who uses it, the due date and late wages https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/blog/qatar-wage-protection-system-wps (checked 2026-10-23) In Qatar a salary is paid when it reaches the worker's bank account through the Wage Protection System (WPS), which the Qatar Central Bank and the Ministry of Labour run together. Since 8 September 2026 the rules also fix the day wages fall due. Q: When must salaries be paid in Qatar? A: For monthly-paid workers, wages fall due on the 1st of each month and must be transferred through the WPS within seven days of that date, under Decision No. 50 of 2026, in force from 8 September 2026. Q: Can I pay some workers in cash? A: Not workers under the Labour Law: they are paid by transfer to an account at a financial institution in Qatar. Domestic workers, under Law No. 15 of 2017, may be paid in cash against a signed receipt. Q: What happens if wages are late? A: The Minister can stop new work permits or suspend the employer's dealings with the Ministry until the overdue wages are transferred. Sources: Al Meezan — Law No. 1 of 2015 amending the Labour Law (article 66) (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt=&LawID=6547&language=ar); Al Meezan — Ministerial Decision No. 4 of 2015 on the Wage Protection System, as amended (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?LawID=6679); Al Meezan — Decision No. 4 of 2015, article 2 as amended by Decision No. 50 of 2026 (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=69816&LawID=6679&language=ar); Qatar News Agency — Qatar introduces major labour law reforms (25 June 2026) (https://qna.org.qa/en/news/news-details?id=qatar-introduces-major-labor-law-reforms-to-boost-market-efficiency-and-investment-climate&date=25%2F06%2F2026); Hukoomi — Ministry of Labour: the 2026 amendments to the Labour Law (https://hukoomi.gov.qa/en/News/MOL-amendments-to-the-labour-law-2026-highlight-8-benefits); Qatar Central Bank — Retail payment systems (the WPS) (https://www.qcb.gov.qa/en/Pages/Retail-payment-systems.aspx); Ministry of Labour — Law No. 15 of 2017 on Domestic Workers (https://www.mol.gov.qa/admin/LawsDocuments/Law%20No.%20(15)%20of%202017%20on%20Domestic%20Workers.pdf) #### Bookkeeping in Qatar with no VAT: the records and invoices you still need https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/blog/qatar-bookkeeping-records-no-vat (checked 2026-10-23) With no VAT return to file, it is tempting to treat the books in Qatar as a year-end job. The law does not: the Commercial Law, the Income Tax Law and the Consumer Protection Law each ask for records, and some of them for ten years. Q: Is there VAT in Qatar in 2026? A: No. As of October 2026 Qatar has not introduced VAT and has published no VAT law, rate or start date. Q: How long must I keep accounting records in Qatar? A: Ten years for the journal, ledger and inventory record, and ten years for the books and documents behind the income tax return. Keeping everything for ten years is the safe policy. Q: Must my invoices be in Arabic? A: Invoices to consumers must be in Arabic, under article 4 of the Consumer Protection Law's Executive Regulation. Sources: Al Meezan — Law No. 27 of 2006, the Trading Regulation (Commercial) Law (https://almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?LawID=2572&language=en); Al Meezan — Commercial Law, the commercial books (articles 22 to 28) (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawTreeSectionID=9336&lawId=2572&language=en); Al Meezan — Law No. 8 of 2008 on Consumer Protection, article 8 (https://almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=40706&LawID=2647&language=en); Al Meezan — Executive Regulation of the Consumer Protection Law (Decision No. 68 of 2012) (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?LawID=4899&language=ar); General Tax Authority — Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018 (https://gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Law%20No.%20(24)%20of%202018%20Promulgating%20the%20Income%20Tax%20Law%20(3).pdf); General Tax Authority — Investors guide (https://gta.gov.qa/en/investors-guide); Hukoomi — Cabinet approves draft law on e-invoicing and its executive regulations (https://hukoomi.gov.qa/en/News/cabinet-approves-draft-law-on-e-invoicing-and-its-executive-regulations) #### End-of-service gratuity in Qatar: the three-week rule, with an example https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/blog/qatar-end-of-service-gratuity-calculation (checked 2026-10-23) Qatar's Labour Law entitles a worker who has completed at least one year of service to an end-of-service gratuity. The contract may give more, but never less than the law's minimum. Q: Is there a gratuity for less than a year? A: No. The legal minimum applies only after one complete year of service. Q: Is gratuity calculated on the total salary? A: On the basic wage, unless the contract includes allowances. Q: Can the employer pay less than three weeks a year? A: No. Three weeks' basic wage per year is the minimum; a contract can only give more. Sources: Al Meezan — Labour Law No. 14 of 2004, article 54 (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=51848&LawID=3961&language=en); Al Meezan — Law No. 1 of 2022 on Social Insurance (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt=&LawID=8932&language=ar) #### Withholding tax in Qatar: 5 % on payments to non-residents, and when to pay it https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/blog/qatar-withholding-tax-non-residents (checked 2026-10-23) Qatar has no VAT, but a business that pays a foreign supplier for services in Qatar may owe tax on that supplier's behalf: a final withholding tax of 5 % of the gross payment, under the Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018. Q: What is the withholding tax rate in Qatar? A: 5 % of the gross payment to a non-resident, for royalties, interest, commissions and fees for services performed in Qatar. Q: When is Qatar withholding tax due? A: Before the 16th day of the month after the payment, through Dhareeba. Q: What if I forget to withhold? A: The payer pays the tax itself, plus a penalty equal to the tax that was not withheld. Sources: General Tax Authority — Taxes in Qatar (https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info); General Tax Authority — Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018 (https://gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Law%20No.%20(24)%20of%202018%20Promulgating%20the%20Income%20Tax%20Law%20(3).pdf); General Tax Authority — Withholding tax guide (Arabic) (https://www.gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/GTA_Withholding%20Tax%20Guide_Document_AR_20251222.pdf); Dhareeba — Withholding tax FAQ (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/en/faq/withholding-tax); Dhareeba — Withholding tax statement user manual (https://dhareeba.gov.qa/assets/pdf/WHTStmt.pdf); Al Meezan — Cabinet Decision No. 4 of 2026 (treaty relief at the time of payment) (https://www.almeezan.qa/LawView.aspx?opt=&LawID=10327&language=ar) #### How to choose accounting software in Qatar: 7 checks https://aqiderp.com/qa/en/blog/how-to-choose-accounting-software-qatar (checked 2026-10-09) Most accounting software sold in the Gulf was built for somewhere else and adapted. These seven checks show quickly whether a product was made for Qatar's rules or only translated for them. Q: Do I need VAT software in Qatar? A: No. Qatar has no VAT; look for withholding tax, payroll and clean statements instead. Q: What should payroll cover? A: End-of-service gratuity accrued monthly, leave, and bilingual payslips. Q: Is e-invoicing required in Qatar? A: Not today. Bilingual, unedited, archived invoices are the standard to hold to. Sources: General Tax Authority (https://www.gta.gov.qa/en/) ## Aqid ERP in Bahrain Site: https://aqiderp.com/bh/en (Arabic: https://aqiderp.com/bh/ar). VAT 10 % · NBR return · SIO. Prices per month, before VAT, in BHD: Starter 7.9, Growth 11.1, Premium 22; two months free when paid yearly; 60-day free trial, no card (https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/pricing). ### What accounting software in Bahrain has to do, and where Aqid ERP stands - No e-invoicing mandate yet — Not applicable: Bahrain has VAT but no e-invoicing mandate yet; the NBR has signalled plans. Invoices are bilingual tax invoices kept as PDF/A-3; nothing is transmitted. - VAT 10 % and the NBR return — In the product, with a gap: The National Bureau for Revenue's return layout filled from the ledger, with the documents behind each figure. Not yet checked against the NBR portal; you file it there yourself. - SIO contributions and indemnity — In the product, with a gap: Monthly payroll in BHD with SIO contributions by nationality and leaving indemnity under article 116. A WPS salary file for Bahrain's banks is not yet produced. - Books in Arabic and English — In the product: An append-only ledger with three-decimal dinar amounts, a Bahraini chart of accounts, bank reconciliation, multi-currency and consolidation across companies. ### Questions and answers Q: Is there e-invoicing in Bahrain? A: Not yet. The NBR has signalled plans; until there is a mandate, Aqid ERP issues bilingual tax invoices kept as PDF/A-3, with no QR code or XML, and transmits nothing. Q: How much does Aqid ERP cost in Bahrain? A: Starter is BHD 7.9, Growth BHD 11.1 and Premium BHD 22 a month, excluding VAT, with two months free when paid yearly. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card. Q: Does Aqid ERP prepare the VAT return? A: It lays out the National Bureau for Revenue's return from your ledger at the 10 % standard rate, with the documents behind each figure. You file it on the NBR portal yourself; the layout has not yet been checked against the portal with a live filing. Q: Does it handle SIO contributions? A: Yes. Payroll in BHD computes SIO contributions by nationality and the leaving indemnity under article 116. Have a payroll adviser check the first run. Q: Can I pay salaries through WPS from Aqid ERP? A: Not yet for Bahrain. Net pay is posted and exported, but a WPS salary file for Bahrain's banks is not yet produced; it is on the roadmap. Q: Does it handle three-decimal dinars? A: Yes. BHD amounts carry three decimals across the ledger, invoices and reports. Q: Is Aqid ERP in Arabic? A: Fully: the interface, invoices, PDFs, emails and reports, right to left, and you switch language without losing your place. Q: Can I move from another system? A: Yes. Contacts, accounts, items, opening balances and open invoices and bills import from Zoho Books, QuickBooks, Xero or any CSV or Excel file, and every import shows its plan before anything is written. Q: What is cloud accounting software? A: Accounting software that runs in the browser: the books live on a server, so the owner, the accountant and the team see the same figures from any device, and updates arrive without installing anything. Q: What should accounting software in Bahrain include? A: Invoices that meet Bahrain's rules, the tax return where there is VAT, payroll with the local contributions and end of service, stock, bank reconciliation, and reports in Arabic and English. The checklist on this page shows how far Aqid ERP goes with each. Q: Can I try it before paying? A: Yes. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card; you choose a plan when you are ready. Q: Can my accountant use it? A: Yes, with an accountant role of their own, or you can find a firm in the accountant directory. Q: Can I take my data with me? A: Yes, on every plan: lists to Excel and CSV, documents to PDF, and the public API reads the ledger. Q: Which accounting software is cheapest in Bahrain? A: It depends on how you pay and what each plan includes. The table shows each product's cheapest paid plan before VAT, paying monthly and paying yearly; check what that plan covers (users, payroll, inventory) before you compare prices. Q: How were these facts checked? A: From each company's own pricing pages and help centre on 2026-10-10. The sources are listed under the table, and a value we could not confirm says so instead of guessing. Q: Which one should I choose? A: It depends on what you need. Aqid ERP includes payroll from its first plan and a 60-day trial, and has no public reviews yet; Zoho Books has the most reviews; Qoyod and Daftra have their own point-of-sale apps. Try two before you decide. Comparison with Wafeq, Qoyod, Daftra and Zoho Books (checked 2026-10-10): https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/compare ### Guides (each dated, with the authority's own pages as sources) #### Overtime pay in Bahrain: 25% by day, 50% at night, 150% on the rest day https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-overtime-pay-labour-law (checked 2026-10-24) Bahrain's Labour Law for the private sector (Law No. 36 of 2012) caps the working week at 48 hours and says what each extra hour earns. The rates are minimums; a contract may pay more. Q: What is the overtime rate in Bahrain? A: At least 25% above the wage for each hour by day, and at least 50% for each hour at night. Q: What does work on the rest day earn in Bahrain? A: The day's wage plus 150% of it, or another day off in its place, as the worker chooses. Q: What are the working hours in Bahrain? A: No more than 48 actual hours a week and ten a day; six a day and 36 a week for a Muslim worker in Ramadan. Q: Does overtime count towards the leaving indemnity? A: No. The SIO's leaving indemnity is worked on the basic wage with any social allowance. Sources: LMRA — Law No. 36 of 2012 promulgating the Labour Law for the Private Sector (https://www.lmra.gov.bh/files/cms/shared/file/labour%20law.pdf); LMRA — Wages and indemnity: what workers and employers should know (https://www.lmra.gov.bh/files/cms/shared/wt-a6-booklet-wages-and-indemnity.pdf); Ministry of Labour — Legislation and regulations (https://www.mol.gov.bh/ar/ministry/legistlations_and_regulations?lang=en) #### VAT registration in Bahrain: the BHD 37,500 threshold, voluntary registration and non-residents https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-vat-registration-nbr (checked 2026-10-24) A business in Bahrain that registers for VAT gets a VAT certificate and a VAT account number from the National Bureau for Revenue (NBR), and charges VAT at 10% from its registration date. Whether it must, or may, depends on its supplies. Q: What is the VAT registration threshold in Bahrain? A: Registration is mandatory when annual taxable supplies exceed BHD 37,500, and voluntary from BHD 18,750. Q: How long must a voluntary registration last? A: At least two years. Q: Do non-residents have to register for VAT in Bahrain? A: Yes, with no threshold, within 30 days of their first taxable supply to someone not registered in Bahrain. Q: What do I get when I register? A: A VAT certificate and a VAT account number from the NBR, which go on every VAT invoice you issue. Sources: NBR — VAT registration (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat_registration); NBR — VAT frequently asked questions (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat_faqs/3); Bahrain.bh — VAT registration for legal and natural persons (https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/portal/en/BNP/ServicesCatalogue/GSX-UI-PServiceDetails?psID=4170); Bahrain.bh — The NBR's eServices (https://www.bahrain.bh/wps/portal/en/BNP/ServicesCatalogue/GSX-UI-PServicesByEntity?entityID=55) #### Excise tax in Bahrain: the goods, the rates, registration and the two-monthly return https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-excise-tax-nbr (checked 2026-10-23) Bahrain has charged excise since 30 December 2017 on goods the GCC states agreed to tax: carbonated drinks, energy drinks and tobacco. The National Bureau for Revenue (NBR) administers it, under Law No. 40 of 2017 and its Executive Regulation. Q: What is the excise rate in Bahrain? A: As the NBR publishes it: 50% on carbonated drinks, 100% on energy drinks and 100% on tobacco and its derivatives. Q: Who must register for excise in Bahrain? A: Any business importing, producing or storing excise goods for trade, before it starts. Travellers importing for personal use do not. Q: When is the Bahrain excise return due? A: Within 15 days of the end of each two-month period, counted without weekends and public holidays, for local producers. Excise on imports is paid at the point of entry. Q: Is unflavoured sparkling water subject to excise? A: No. A carbonated drink is any drink with gas except unflavoured sparkling water. Sources: NBR — What is excise? (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/excise/what_is_excise); NBR — Excise FAQs (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/excise_faqs); NBR — Excise registration and warehouse licensing (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/excise/excise_registration_and_warehouse_licensing); NBR — Filing the excise return (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/excise/excise_return_filing); NBR — Excise laws and regulations (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/laws_regulations/excise) #### Filing the Bahrain VAT return with the NBR: periods, deadline, contents and penalties https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-vat-return-filing-nbr (checked 2026-10-23) Every VAT-registered business in Bahrain files a return with the National Bureau for Revenue (NBR) for each tax period and pays the net VAT by the same date. This guide walks through the filing itself: which period you are on, when it is due, what goes into the return, how to fix a mistake and what lateness costs. Q: When is the Bahrain VAT return due? A: By the last day of the month after the tax period ends, and the VAT must be paid by the same date. A quarter ending 30 September 2026 is due by 31 October 2026. Q: Can a quarterly filer switch to monthly returns? A: It can apply to the NBR, which may approve or reject the request. Above BHD 3 million of annual supplies, monthly filing is required. Q: What is the penalty for a late VAT return in Bahrain? A: Under Article 60 of the VAT law, between 5% and 25% of the tax that should have been declared or paid. The NBR's fines cap at 25% of the VAT due, or BHD 10,000 where the fine is a fixed amount. Sources: NBR — VAT return filing frequency (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/VAT/vat_return_filing/filing_frequency); NBR — When to file the VAT return (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/VAT/vat_return_filing/when_to_file); NBR — VAT payment (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/VAT/vat_return_filing/vat_payment); NBR — VAT FAQs: administrative fines and offences (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat_faqs/10); Decree-Law No. 48 of 2018 on VAT (Legislation and Legal Opinion Commission) (https://legalaffairs.gov.bh/Legislation/HTM/L4818) #### Bahrain's Wage Protection System (WPS): who must use it, the deadlines and what to keep https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-wage-protection-system-wps-lmra (checked 2026-10-23) Bahrain's Labour Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA) uses the Wage Protection System (WPS) to check that private-sector workers are paid. The enhanced WPS it launched in October 2025 goes further: the employer submits each month's payroll file through the LMRA's system and approves it through its bank. Q: Does the WPS apply to small employers in Bahrain? A: Yes. Employers with 1 to 49 workers have been covered since 1 January 2022, and the enhanced WPS applies to all private-sector employers. Q: How are salaries paid under the enhanced WPS? A: The employer submits the payroll file through the LMRA's EMS and approves it through its bank, which makes the transfer. Q: Does the Wage Responsible Person need an eKey? A: Yes. The Wage Responsible Person and each authorised user need an Advanced eKey. Sources: LMRA — Resolution No. 22 of 2021 on the timeline of the Wage Protection System (https://lmra.gov.bh/en/legal/show/101); LMRA — Phase III of the Wages Protection System commences (January 2022) (https://blog.lmra.gov.bh/en/2022/01/03/phase-iii-of-wages-protection-system-wps-commences-including-every-employer-cr-with-1-49-workers-alalawi-success-of-phases-i-ii-is-an-outcome-of-all-parties-collaboration/); LMRA — Wage Protection Guideline (October 2025) (https://lmra.gov.bh/files/cms/shared/wps-guideline-en.pdf); LMRA — Launch of the enhanced Wages Protection System (October 2025) (https://blog.lmra.gov.bh/en/2025/10/21/lmra-launches-the-enhanced-wages-protection-system/); LMRA — General questions about the WPS (https://lmra.gov.bh/en/faq/category/12); LMRA — Does each authorised user and the Wage Responsible Person need an Advanced eKey? (https://lmra.gov.bh/en/faq/question/208) #### VAT in Bahrain at 10%: registration, returns and how to calculate it https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-vat-10-percent-guide (checked 2026-10-09) Bahrain introduced VAT at 5% in 2019 and raised it to 10% from 1 January 2022. It is administered by the National Bureau for Revenue (NBR). Q: Is VAT in Bahrain 5% or 10%? A: 10%, since 1 January 2022. It was 5% from 2019 to the end of 2021. Q: When is the Bahrain VAT return due? A: By the last day of the month after the tax period ends. Q: Why three decimals? A: The Bahraini dinar is divided into 1,000 fils, so amounts are kept to three decimal places. Sources: National Bureau for Revenue — VAT (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat) #### End of service in Bahrain: the SIO indemnity since March 2024, and service before it https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-end-of-service-indemnity-sio (checked 2026-10-23) Since 1 March 2024 an expatriate worker's end-of-service indemnity in Bahrain is no longer a lump sum the employer saves up for. The employer pays it to the Social Insurance Organization every month, and the SIO pays the worker when they leave. Q: Who pays end of service in Bahrain now? A: For service since 1 March 2024, the SIO, from the employer's monthly contributions. For service before that, the employer. Q: What is the SIO indemnity rate? A: 4.2 % of the monthly wage for the first three years of service, 8.4 % after, paid by the employer. Q: Is anything deducted from the worker for it? A: No. It is the employer's cost. Sources: SIO — End of service gratuity for non-Bahrainis (https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/end-of-service-gratuity-for-non-bahrainis); SIO — FAQs (https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/faqs); SIO — Ministerial orders (Decision No. 109 of 2023) (https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/public-ministerial-orders) #### SIO contribution rates in Bahrain (2026): Bahrainis and expatriates https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/bahrain-sio-contribution-rates (checked 2026-10-23) Bahrain's Social Insurance Organization (SIO) collects different contributions for Bahraini and expatriate employees. For Bahrainis the employer's pension share has been rising each year since 2024. Q: What is the employer's SIO rate for Bahrainis in 2026? A: 15 % pension, 3 % work injury and 1 % unemployment: 19 % in all. Q: What does the employee pay? A: A Bahraini pays 7 % pension and 1 % unemployment. An expatriate pays 1 % unemployment. Q: Is there a wage cap? A: Yes, BHD 4,000 a month. Sources: Law No. 14 of 2022 amending the Social Insurance Law (pension shares) (https://legalaffairs.gov.bh/Legislation/HTM/K1422); SIO — Decree-Law No. 24 of 1976, the Social Insurance Law (work injury) (https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/law-no-24-of-1976); SIO — Laws and amendment decrees (unemployment insurance, the wage ceiling) (https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/amendment-decrees); SIO — End of service gratuity for non-Bahrainis (https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/end-of-service-gratuity-for-non-bahrainis) #### How to choose accounting software in Bahrain: 7 checks https://aqiderp.com/bh/en/blog/how-to-choose-accounting-software-bahrain (checked 2026-10-09) Most accounting software sold in the Gulf was built for somewhere else and adapted. These seven checks show quickly whether a product was made for Bahrain's rules or only translated for them. Q: Why do decimals matter in Bahrain? A: The dinar has 1,000 fils. Software that rounds to two decimals will not agree with your bank. Q: How often is the VAT return filed? A: Monthly above BHD 3 million of annual supplies, quarterly otherwise. Q: Is e-invoicing required in Bahrain? A: Not today. VAT invoices must still carry the required fields and be kept unedited. Sources: National Bureau for Revenue (https://www.nbr.gov.bh/) ## Aqid ERP in Kuwait Site: https://aqiderp.com/kw/en (Arabic: https://aqiderp.com/kw/ar). No VAT · PIFSS · indemnity (Art. 51). Prices per month, before VAT, in KWD: Starter 6.5, Growth 9.1, Premium 17.9; two months free when paid yearly; 60-day free trial, no card (https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/pricing). ### What accounting software in Kuwait has to do, and where Aqid ERP stands - No e-invoicing mandate — Not applicable: Kuwait has no VAT and no e-invoicing mandate. Invoices are issued in Arabic and English and kept as PDF/A-3; nothing is transmitted to an authority. - No VAT — Not applicable: Kuwait has not brought VAT into force, so there is no VAT return and no VAT on an invoice. Income tax, Zakat and NLST are not computed; the books give your adviser the figures. - PIFSS and the indemnity under article 51 — In the product, with a gap: Monthly payroll in KWD with PIFSS contributions for Kuwaiti employees, the end-of-service indemnity under articles 51 and 53 for everyone, and payslips in Arabic and English. A WPS salary file for Kuwait's banks is not yet produced. - Books in Arabic and English — In the product: An append-only ledger with three-decimal dinar amounts, a Kuwaiti chart of accounts, bank reconciliation, multi-currency and consolidation across companies. ### Questions and answers Q: Is there VAT or e-invoicing in Kuwait? A: No. Kuwait has not brought VAT into force and has no e-invoicing mandate, so a Kuwaiti company's invoices carry no VAT and nothing is transmitted to an authority. Q: How much does Aqid ERP cost in Kuwait? A: Starter is KWD 6.5, Growth KWD 9.1 and Premium KWD 17.9 a month with two months free when paid yearly. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card. Q: Does it compute income tax, Zakat or NLST? A: No. Aqid ERP keeps the books and gives the figures; your adviser prepares the declaration and files it with the Ministry of Finance. Q: Does it handle PIFSS and the end-of-service indemnity? A: Yes. Payroll in KWD computes PIFSS contributions for Kuwaiti employees and the indemnity under articles 51 and 53 for everyone. GCC nationals' contributions and daily-paid workers are not modelled yet. Q: Can I pay salaries through WPS from Aqid ERP? A: Not yet for Kuwait. Net pay is posted and exported, but a WPS salary file for Kuwait's banks is not yet produced; it is on the roadmap. Q: Does it handle three-decimal dinars? A: Yes. KWD amounts carry three decimals across the ledger, invoices and reports. Q: Is Aqid ERP in Arabic? A: Fully: the interface, invoices, PDFs, emails and reports, right to left, and you switch language without losing your place. Q: Can I move from another system? A: Yes. Contacts, accounts, items, opening balances and open invoices and bills import from Zoho Books, QuickBooks, Xero or any CSV or Excel file, and every import shows its plan before anything is written. Q: What is cloud accounting software? A: Accounting software that runs in the browser: the books live on a server, so the owner, the accountant and the team see the same figures from any device, and updates arrive without installing anything. Q: What should accounting software in Kuwait include? A: Invoices that meet Kuwait's rules, the tax return where there is VAT, payroll with the local contributions and end of service, stock, bank reconciliation, and reports in Arabic and English. The checklist on this page shows how far Aqid ERP goes with each. Q: Can I try it before paying? A: Yes. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card; you choose a plan when you are ready. Q: Can my accountant use it? A: Yes, with an accountant role of their own, or you can find a firm in the accountant directory. Q: Can I take my data with me? A: Yes, on every plan: lists to Excel and CSV, documents to PDF, and the public API reads the ledger. Q: Which accounting software is cheapest in Kuwait? A: It depends on how you pay and what each plan includes. The table shows each product's cheapest paid plan before VAT, paying monthly and paying yearly; check what that plan covers (users, payroll, inventory) before you compare prices. Q: How were these facts checked? A: From each company's own pricing pages and help centre on 2026-10-10. The sources are listed under the table, and a value we could not confirm says so instead of guessing. Q: Which one should I choose? A: It depends on what you need. Aqid ERP includes payroll from its first plan and a 60-day trial, and has no public reviews yet; Zoho Books has the most reviews; Qoyod and Daftra have their own point-of-sale apps. Try two before you decide. Comparison with Wafeq, Qoyod, Daftra and Zoho Books (checked 2026-10-10): https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/compare ### Guides (each dated, with the authority's own pages as sources) #### Business taxes in Kuwait: what a company actually pays https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/blog/kuwait-business-taxes-corporate-tax-zakat-nlst (checked 2026-10-23) Kuwait taxes companies far less than its neighbours, and most of what it does tax falls on foreign companies, shareholding companies and very large groups. Here is each levy as the Ministry of Finance sets it out, who it reaches, and where a small Kuwaiti company stands. Q: Does a Kuwaiti company pay corporate tax? A: Not if it is wholly owned by Kuwaiti nationals. Income tax of 15 % falls on foreign companies, worked out on a foreign partner's share of a Kuwaiti company's profit. Q: When is the Kuwait income tax declaration due? A: By the 15th day of the fourth month after the tax period ends: 15 April for a calendar year. Late filing or payment costs 1 % of the tax for each 30 days. Q: Who pays Zakat and NLST in Kuwait? A: Zakat of 1 % is paid by Kuwaiti shareholding companies, listed and closed. NLST of 2.5 % is paid by Kuwaiti and GCC companies listed on Boursa Kuwait. Q: Is there VAT or excise in Kuwait? A: No. Kuwait has issued neither law; in January 2025 the Minister of Finance said an excise law on goods harmful to health was being prepared. Sources: Ministry of Finance — Income Tax Decree No. 3 of 1955 as amended by Law No. 2 of 2008, and its Executive Bylaw (https://www.mof.gov.kw/Desicions/Decree/PDF/Q3_1955e.pdf); Ministry of Finance — Executive rules of Law No. 46 of 2006 on Zakat (https://www.mof.gov.kw/Desicions/Decree/PDF/RuleT46-2006.pdf); Ministry of Finance — Executive rules of Law No. 19 of 2000 (National Labour Support Tax) (https://www.mof.gov.kw/Desicions/Decree/PDF/RuleT19-2000.pdf); Ministry of Finance — Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax: definition (https://www.mof.gov.kw/MOFServices/TaxMultinationalDefinition.aspx); Ministry of Finance — Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax: questions and answers (https://www.mof.gov.kw/MOFServices/TaxMultinationalLegislationQA.aspx); Ministry of Finance — Executive Regulations of Decree-Law No. 157 of 2024 (https://www.mof.gov.kw/MOFServices/PDF/TaxMultinationalExecutive.pdf); Kuwait Government Online — Clearance certificate for Kuwaiti companies (https://www.e.gov.kw/sites/kgoEnglish/Pages/Services/MOF/ApplyforClearanceCertificate.aspx); KUNA — Kuwait's taxes on companies (12 January 2025) (https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3214242); KUNA — Finance Minister on a planned excise tax (15 January 2025) (https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3214725&Language=en) #### Paying salaries in Kuwait: payday and bank-transfer rules https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/blog/kuwait-salary-payment-rules-bank-transfer (checked 2026-10-23) Kuwait's Labour Law (Law No. 6 of 2010) says when wages must be paid and, since 2016, how. The Public Authority for Manpower (PAM) suspends the file of an employer whose salary transfers are missing, and since September 2026 the Central Bank tracks every private-sector salary transfer. Q: How late can salaries be paid in Kuwait? A: No later than the seventh day after the wage falls due, and a monthly wage at least once a month. Q: Must salaries be paid by bank transfer in Kuwait? A: Yes for an employer with five or more workers: article 57, as amended in 2016, requires payment into the workers' accounts at local financial institutions. Q: What happens if a company does not pay? A: PAM suspends the company's file automatically when the salaries of its registered workers are not transferred, and a court can add compensation of up to 1 % of the dues a month. Sources: Public Authority for Manpower — Law No. 6 of 2010 on Labour in the Private Sector (English) (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/docs/LaborLaw/Labor_Law_Eng.pdf); KUNA — National Assembly passes amendments to the Labour Law, article 57 (7 June 2016) (https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=2506107&language=ar); Public Authority for Manpower — Automatic suspension of files for unpaid salaries (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=369); KUNA — PAM and the Kuwait Banking Association agree digital wage transfers (14 September 2025) (https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3248319&Language=en); Central Bank of Kuwait — CBK launches the Kuwait Wage Payment System (28 September 2026) (https://www.cbk.gov.kw/en/cbk-news/announcements-and-press-releases/press-releases/2026/09/202609280825-cbk-launches-kuwait-wage-payment-system-kwps) #### Leave and working hours in Kuwait: the rules payroll follows https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/blog/kuwait-annual-leave-sick-leave-working-hours (checked 2026-10-23) Most of what changes a Kuwaiti payslip from one month to the next comes from a handful of articles in Law No. 6 of 2010: hours and overtime, rest days and holidays, sick leave and annual leave. Here they are, with the sums payroll has to do. Q: How many days of annual leave does Kuwait give? A: At least 30 days' paid leave a year, the first after six months' service; weekly rest days, official holidays and sick leave inside it are not counted. Q: How is overtime paid in Kuwait? A: At the ordinary wage plus 25 %, up to two hours a day and 180 hours a year. Q: Is sick leave paid in full in Kuwait? A: The first 15 days in a year are; then 10 days at three-quarters, 10 at half, 10 at a quarter, and 30 days unpaid. Sources: Public Authority for Manpower — Law No. 6 of 2010 on Labour in the Private Sector (English) (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/docs/LaborLaw/Labor_Law_Eng.pdf); Public Authority for Manpower — Explanatory memorandum of Law No. 6 of 2010 (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/docs/LaborLaw/2.pdf); National Assembly — Law No. 85 of 2017 amending Law No. 6 of 2010 (https://kna.kw/clt-html5/news-details.asp?id=29880); Public Authority for Manpower — Labour legislation (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/LaborLaw.aspx) #### End-of-service indemnity in Kuwait: how it is calculated https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/blog/kuwait-end-of-service-indemnity-calculation (checked 2026-10-23) A worker in Kuwait's private sector earns an end-of-service indemnity under article 51 of the Labour Law (Law No. 6 of 2010). The indemnity grows with service and is capped. Q: What is the maximum indemnity in Kuwait? A: A year and a half's remuneration, under article 51. Q: Does indemnity apply to Kuwaiti nationals? A: Kuwaiti staff are covered by PIFSS; their end-of-service position follows its rules alongside the Labour Law. Q: Why three decimals? A: The Kuwaiti dinar divides into 1,000 fils, so amounts are kept to three decimal places. Sources: Public Authority for Manpower — Law No. 6 of 2010 on Labour in the Private Sector (English) (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/docs/LaborLaw/Labor_Law_Eng.pdf); Public Authority for Manpower — Explanatory memorandum of Law No. 6 of 2010 (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/docs/LaborLaw/2.pdf); KUNA — National Assembly passes amendments to articles 51 and 70 of the Labour Law (19 August 2020) (https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2916412); Public Institution for Social Security — Frequently asked questions (https://www.pifss.gov.kw/sites/En/Pages/PensionSocialSecuritySector/FAQ.aspx?PID=YYH9cYwZKl8mrS+LNcoYzQ%3D%3D) #### PIFSS contributions in Kuwait: rates, ceilings and a worked example https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/blog/kuwait-pifss-social-security-contributions (checked 2026-10-23) Kuwait's social security covers Kuwaiti nationals only: an expatriate in Kuwait pays nothing to the PIFSS, and costs the employer nothing there either. For a Kuwaiti, contributions come in layers, each with its own ceiling. Q: What percentage is PIFSS in Kuwait? A: Below KWD 1,500 a month, 10.5 % for the employee and 11.5 % for the employer. Above it the layers have different ceilings. Q: Do expatriates pay PIFSS? A: No. PIFSS covers Kuwaiti nationals only. Q: What are the PIFSS salary ceilings? A: KWD 1,500 for basic insurance and KWD 2,750 for supplementary insurance. Sources: Public Institution for Social Security — Frequently asked questions (https://www.pifss.gov.kw/sites/En/Pages/PensionSocialSecuritySector/FAQ.aspx?PID=YYH9cYwZKl8mrS+LNcoYzQ%3D%3D) #### How to choose accounting software in Kuwait: 7 checks https://aqiderp.com/kw/en/blog/how-to-choose-accounting-software-kuwait (checked 2026-10-09) Most accounting software sold in the Gulf was built for somewhere else and adapted. These seven checks show quickly whether a product was made for Kuwait's rules or only translated for them. Q: Do I need VAT software in Kuwait? A: No. Kuwait has no VAT; payroll, PIFSS and the indemnity are where the work is. Q: Why three decimals? A: The Kuwaiti dinar has 1,000 fils; two-decimal software will not agree with your bank. Q: What should payroll cover? A: PIFSS contributions, the indemnity accrued monthly, leave and bilingual payslips. Sources: Public Authority for Manpower (https://www.manpower.gov.kw/) ## Aqid ERP in Oman Site: https://aqiderp.com/om/en (Arabic: https://aqiderp.com/om/ar). VAT 5 % · Tax Authority return · SPF. Prices per month, before VAT, in OMR: Starter 8.1, Growth 11.4, Premium 22.5; two months free when paid yearly; 60-day free trial, no card (https://aqiderp.com/om/en/pricing). ### What accounting software in Oman has to do, and where Aqid ERP stands - Fawtara announced — not yet connected — Announced — not yet in the product: The Tax Authority's e-invoicing system, Fawtara, starts with a pilot from August 2026 and is required from 1 April 2027 for taxpayers above OMR 5 million, and from 1 October 2027 for everyone else. Aqid ERP issues bilingual tax invoices with the buyer's VATIN but does not yet produce the PINT OM format or transmit to Fawtara. - VAT 5 % and the Tax Authority return — In the product, with a gap: The Tax Authority's return laid out box by box from the ledger, with the reverse charge and deferred import VAT, and the documents behind each figure. Not yet checked against the TA portal; you file it there yourself. - SPF contributions and gratuity — In the product, with a gap: Monthly payroll in OMR with Social Protection Fund contributions by nationality and the end-of-service gratuity under article 61 for expatriates, split at 31 July 2023. A WPS salary file for Oman's banks is not yet produced. - Books in Arabic and English — In the product: An append-only ledger with three-decimal rial amounts, an Omani chart of accounts, withholding tax, bank reconciliation, multi-currency and consolidation across companies. ### Questions and answers Q: When does e-invoicing (Fawtara) start in Oman? A: Under Decision 189/2026 the Tax Authority runs a Fawtara pilot from August 2026; it is required from 1 April 2027 for taxpayers above OMR 5 million and from 1 October 2027 for everyone else; check your own phase with the Tax Authority. Aqid ERP does not yet produce the PINT OM format or transmit to Fawtara. Q: How much does Aqid ERP cost in Oman? A: Starter is OMR 8.1, Growth OMR 11.4 and Premium OMR 22.5 a month, excluding VAT, with two months free when paid yearly. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card. Q: Does Aqid ERP prepare the VAT return? A: It lays out the Tax Authority's 5 % VAT return box by box from your ledger, with the reverse charge, deferred import VAT and the documents behind each figure. You file it on the Tax Authority portal; the layout has not yet been checked with a live filing. Q: Does it handle the Social Protection Fund and the gratuity? A: Yes. Payroll in OMR computes Social Protection Fund contributions by nationality and the end-of-service gratuity under article 61 for expatriates, split at 31 July 2023. Q: Can I pay salaries through WPS from Aqid ERP? A: Not yet for Oman. Net pay is posted and exported, but a WPS salary file for Oman's banks is not yet produced; it is on the roadmap. Q: Does it record withholding tax? A: Yes. Oman withholds 10 % on certain payments to foreign persons; Aqid ERP records it on the bill by category, and you file the monthly return with the Tax Authority. Q: Does it handle three-decimal rials? A: Yes. OMR amounts carry three decimals across the ledger, invoices and reports. Q: Is Aqid ERP in Arabic? A: Fully: the interface, invoices, PDFs, emails and reports, right to left, and you switch language without losing your place. Q: What is cloud accounting software? A: Accounting software that runs in the browser: the books live on a server, so the owner, the accountant and the team see the same figures from any device, and updates arrive without installing anything. Q: What should accounting software in Oman include? A: Invoices that meet Oman's rules, the tax return where there is VAT, payroll with the local contributions and end of service, stock, bank reconciliation, and reports in Arabic and English. The checklist on this page shows how far Aqid ERP goes with each. Q: Can I try it before paying? A: Yes. Every plan starts with a 60-day free trial and no card; you choose a plan when you are ready. Q: Can my accountant use it? A: Yes, with an accountant role of their own, or you can find a firm in the accountant directory. Q: Can I take my data with me? A: Yes, on every plan: lists to Excel and CSV, documents to PDF, and the public API reads the ledger. Q: Which accounting software is cheapest in Oman? A: It depends on how you pay and what each plan includes. The table shows each product's cheapest paid plan before VAT, paying monthly and paying yearly; check what that plan covers (users, payroll, inventory) before you compare prices. Q: How were these facts checked? A: From each company's own pricing pages and help centre on 2026-10-10. The sources are listed under the table, and a value we could not confirm says so instead of guessing. Q: Which one should I choose? A: It depends on what you need. Aqid ERP includes payroll from its first plan and a 60-day trial, and has no public reviews yet; Zoho Books has the most reviews; Qoyod and Daftra have their own point-of-sale apps. Try two before you decide. Comparison with Wafeq, Qoyod, Daftra and Zoho Books (checked 2026-10-10): https://aqiderp.com/om/en/compare ### Guides (each dated, with the authority's own pages as sources) #### Excise tax in Oman: the goods, the rates, the quarterly return and tax stamps https://aqiderp.com/om/en/blog/oman-excise-tax-rates-stamps (checked 2026-10-24) Oman has charged excise since 15 June 2019, under Royal Decree 23/2019, on goods harmful to health or the environment and on luxury goods. The Tax Authority administers it, and in Oman a sweetened drink pays the same 50% whatever its sugar content. Q: What is the excise rate in Oman? A: 100% on tobacco, energy drinks, electronic smoking devices and liquids, pork and alcohol; 50% on soft drinks and sweetened drinks. Q: Does Oman tax sweetened drinks by sugar content? A: No. The 50% applies regardless of how much sugar or sweetener the drink contains. Q: How often is the Oman excise return filed? A: Quarterly, within 30 days of the end of each quarter, with the tax paid by the same date. Q: Do soft drinks need a digital tax stamp in Oman? A: Not for now: the Tax Authority has postponed the stamp on soft drinks until further notice. Sources: Oman Tax Authority — Excise tax implementation guide (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1414467/Implementation+Guide+English.pdf/82f85534-9165-9253-d4ac-39ca0001ca59); Oman Tax Authority — Tax rates (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/tax-rate); Oman Tax Authority — Excise tax FAQs (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/excise-tax-faqs); Oman Tax Authority — Digital tax stamp (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/tax-stamp); Oman Tax Authority — Postponement of the digital tax stamp on soft drinks (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/w/the-tax-authority-announces-the-postponement-of-digital-tax-stamp-on-soft-drinks) #### Corporate income tax in Oman: the 15% rate, the 3% rate for small businesses, and the deadlines https://aqiderp.com/om/en/blog/oman-corporate-income-tax-sme-guide (checked 2026-10-24) Oman taxes the profits of companies and establishments under its Income Tax Law, administered by the Tax Authority. Most companies pay 15%; small Omani businesses that meet every condition pay 3%. Either way, the year ends with one return, filed and paid through the Tax Authority's portal. Q: What is the corporate tax rate in Oman? A: 15% of taxable income for most companies, and 3% for small businesses that meet the capital, income, staff and activity conditions. Q: When is the Oman income tax return due? A: Within four months of the end of the tax year at 15%, and within three months at 3%, with the tax payable by the same date. Q: What happens if I file or pay late? A: A fine of OMR 100 to OMR 2,000 for filing late, and additional tax of 1% a month on tax paid late. Sources: Oman Tax Authority — Tax rate (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/tax-rate); Oman Tax Authority — Income tax FAQs (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/income-tax-faqs); Oman Tax Authority — Income tax laws and regulations (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/income-tax-law-regulations); Oman Tax Authority — Executive Regulation of the Income Tax Law (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1451171/Executive+Regulation+of+Income+Tax+Law+in+English.pdf); Oman Tax Authority — Withholding tax (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/withholding-tax); Oman Tax Authority — Issuance of the Personal Income Tax Law (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/w/issuance-of-personal-income-tax-pit-law) #### Filing the Oman VAT return: the periods, what goes in each box, the deadline and the penalties https://aqiderp.com/om/en/blog/oman-vat-return-filing-guide (checked 2026-10-24) Once a business is registered for Oman's 5% VAT, the return is the work that comes round every quarter. This is what the Tax Authority's form asks for, when the return and the tax are due, how to correct a mistake, and what being late costs. Q: When is the Oman VAT return due? A: Within 30 days of the end of each three-month tax period, with the VAT paid by the same date. Q: What is the penalty for paying VAT late in Oman? A: Additional tax of 1% of the unpaid VAT for each month or part of a month of delay. Q: Can I correct a VAT return after filing it? A: Yes. File a revised return within 30 days of finding the error, and within three years of the original return, unless an audit has already started. Sources: Oman Tax Authority — VAT Taxpayer Guide: VAT Return Filing (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1414820/VAT+Taxpayer+Guide+-+VAT+Return+Filing.pdf/fae31d0c-e7e7-0014-9f28-a4c506b36614?t=1733169613409); Oman Tax Authority — VAT Law (Royal Decree 121/2020) (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1414820/VAT+Law+.pdf/9cbe8926-066b-d48d-2b7f-14f41b4c19a8?t=1733169733344); Oman Tax Authority — VAT (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/web/taxportal/vat-tax) #### VAT in Oman at 5%: registration, the quarterly return and how to calculate it https://aqiderp.com/om/en/blog/oman-vat-5-percent-guide (checked 2026-10-24) Oman introduced VAT at 5% on 16 April 2021, administered by the Tax Authority. For most businesses that means registering once over the threshold, issuing tax invoices, and filing a return every quarter. Q: What is the VAT rate in Oman? A: 5% on most goods and services, since 16 April 2021. Q: How often do I file a VAT return in Oman? A: Every quarter, within 30 days of the quarter's end. Q: Is basic food taxed? A: Listed basic food items are zero-rated: 0% VAT. Sources: Oman Tax Authority — VAT (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/web/taxportal/vat-tax); Oman Tax Authority — VAT Law (Royal Decree 121/2020) (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1414820/VAT+Law+.pdf/9cbe8926-066b-d48d-2b7f-14f41b4c19a8); Oman Tax Authority — Decision determining the mandatory and voluntary registration thresholds (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1414820/Determining+the+Mandatory+and+Voluntary+Registration+Thresholds.pdf/4c5d8dcb-5b81-34ae-a1d2-e3c6d8431988); Oman Tax Authority — Tax rates (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/tax-rate); Oman News Agency — VAT applies from 16 April 2021 (https://omannews.gov.om/topics/en/79/show/4296/dark) #### Oman payroll: Social Protection Fund contributions and expatriate end of service https://aqiderp.com/om/en/blog/oman-social-protection-fund-end-of-service (checked 2026-10-24) Since 2024 Oman's social insurance runs through the Social Protection Fund (SPF), under the Social Protection Law (Royal Decree 52/2023). Omanis are covered for pension, work injury and job security; every employee, Omani or not, is covered for maternity leave. Q: What are the SPF rates for Omanis? A: 7.5 % for the employee and 11 % for the employer for old age, disability and death, plus job security, work injury and maternity on the employer: 8 % and 14.5 % once sick leave applies. Q: Do expatriates contribute to the SPF? A: The employer pays 1 % of the full wage for their maternity leave. The employee pays nothing. Q: When are SPF contributions due? A: Within the first fifteen days of the month after the one they cover. Sources: Social Protection Fund — Contribution rates for the worker and the employer (https://www.spf.gov.om/en/faq/what-are-the-contribution-rates-to-be-paid-by-the-worker-and-employer/); Social Protection Fund — Frequently asked questions (the OMR 3,000 ceiling) (https://www.spf.gov.om/en/faq-2/); Social Protection Fund — Maternity leave insurance guide (https://www.spf.gov.om/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MaternityLeaves.pdf); Social Protection Fund — Insurance for sick and other leaves (https://www.spf.gov.om/en/insurance_programs/insurance-for-sick-and-other-leaves/); Social Protection Fund — Employer e-services manual (contribution due date) (https://www.spf.gov.om/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Employees_E-Service_E-new-.pdf); Oman News Agency — Royal Decree 60/2025 amending the Social Protection Law (https://omannews.gov.om/topics/en/102/show/123288/dark); Oman News Agency — SPF plans for sick leave and the expatriate savings scheme (March 2026) (https://www.omannews.gov.om/topics/ar/7/show/464703); Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs — Labour Law (Royal Decree 53/2023) (https://www.mjla.gov.om/modules/laws/download.php?file=199) #### Oman e-invoicing (Fawtara): the dates, who goes first, and how to prepare https://aqiderp.com/om/en/blog/oman-e-invoicing-fawtara-dates (checked 2026-10-24) Oman is the next Gulf country to require e-invoices. The Tax Authority's Decision 189/2026 brings in Fawtara, its e-invoicing system, in phases, starting with the largest taxpayers. Q: When does e-invoicing start in Oman? A: A pilot from August 2026; required from 1 April 2027 for taxpayers with supplies above OMR 5 million, and from 1 October 2027 for everyone else. Q: What format does Fawtara use? A: PINT OM, Oman's version of Peppol's international invoice specification. Q: Does Aqid ERP connect to Fawtara? A: Not yet. It issues Omani tax invoices today; PINT OM and Fawtara transmission are not built. Sources: Oman News Agency — Tax Authority decision 189/2026 on e-invoicing (9 August 2026) (https://www.omannews.gov.om/topics/ar/7/show/471915); Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs — Decision 189/2026 (https://mjla.gov.om/decisions/ar/1073/show/2242/); Oman Tax Authority — E-invoicing FAQ (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/e-invoicing-faq) #### How to choose accounting software in Oman: 7 checks https://aqiderp.com/om/en/blog/how-to-choose-accounting-software-oman (checked 2026-10-09) Most accounting software sold in the Gulf was built for somewhere else and adapted. These seven checks show quickly whether a product was made for Oman's rules or only translated for them. Q: How often is the Oman VAT return filed? A: Every quarter, within 30 days of the quarter's end. Q: Why three decimals? A: The Omani rial has 1,000 baisa; two-decimal software will not agree with your bank. Q: What is Fawtara? A: Oman's e-invoicing programme, introduced by the Tax Authority. Check when your business is in scope. Sources: Oman Tax Authority (https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/web/taxportal/)